SUBJECT:- ENGLISH
Contents
PROSE
1. How Teachers Learn
2.Life
3. Global Warming. A Catastrophe in the Making
4. For God's Sake. Hold Thy Tongue
5. Polo- The King of Games
6. Julius Caesar
POETRY
1. A Nation's Strength
3. The Bangle Sellers
4. Prayer for Strength
5. The Brook
6. Mercy
7. Wrinkles
8. Meeting Poets
10. Summer and Winter
SHORT STORIES
1. The Unthankful Man
3. Colours of Rainbow
4. Rustum and Sohrab
PLAY
1. A strange trial
________________________________________________________________________________
01.How Teachers Learn
Qno1:- Who was Nora? How did she become a friend of the teacher?
Ans:- Nora was a five year old girl that the author knew. She was his student and he knew her family as well. The author refers to her as someone who taught the author a lot about young children and gave him an insight into their problems. This is how they became friends.
Q2:-How did the teacher observe Nora while learning?
Ans:- Although it was very out of character for the author, he remained silent most of the time. He chooses to observe Nora silently and would say something only when Nora would get stuck at a difficult word. He would tell her the word only if she asked otherwise he would try that she should be able to work out the meaning of the word herself.
Q3:- What odd thing happened with Nora? Why was the teacher puzzled?
Ans:- After sometime, the teacher noticed that Nora started to misread words that she had previously read correctly. This behaviour puzzled the teacher because Nora was studying with full concentration and was not being careless or inattentive. He had noticed similar problems in other children.
Q4: Was Nora a careless child? How do you know?
Ans:-No, Nora was not a careless child because she was paying full attention to her work. She was reading the book as well as she could.
Q5. How should a teacher understand the problems of the children?
Ans:-A teacher should try and understand the problems of children by trying to see things through their eyes. A teacher should try and understand their point of view and help them to solve their problem.
Q6:- What experiences popped into the teacher’s mind after Nora’s learning problem?
Ans:- Some years ago the teacher faced a problem similar to the one faced by Nora . He had come across a sheet of paper written in an Indian language that he did not know .He tried to identify the words that occurred most often on the page. Initially he was having a lot of difficulty as he could not recognize any word. It took him some time before he started recognizing the words.
Q7:- Why are children of unlettered homes at a disadvantage?
Ans:- Children of unlettered homes are at a disadvantage because when they start learning to read, they are not familiar with the shapes of words and letters nor having seen them before. Thus they take more time than other kids to get accustomed to words and letters and remember them.
Q8:- How did the teacher learn from Nora?
Ans:- Nora unknowingly taught the teacher a very important lesson about children. He understood the fact that children are not as familiar with the shapes of alphabets and letters as adults are and as such cannot recognize them at a glance unlike adults. What adults fail to understand is that children don’t make mistakes deliberately. The duty of adults is to give children some time and space. Adults especially teachers should be more supportive and rejoice with children when they see patterns and notice similarities between words.
“ Language work”
2. Write a second sentence for each of the sentences below.
(a). He loaned me some clothes.
I borrowed some clothes.
(b). He sold me an old piano
I bought an old piano.
(c). He chased me.
I overtook him.
(d). I gave him a glass of water.
He took a glass of water.
(e). We conquered the enemy.
They were defeated.
Word Suffix:
1. Alphabetical.
2. Angelic.
3. Shapely.
4. Bookish.
5. Manly.
6. Governmental.
7. Ministerial.
8. Elephantine.
9. Tigerish.
10. Daily.
11. Collegiate
I. Fill in the blanks by using the past participle forms of given verbs.
1. I am living in a rented house.
2. It is not safe to sit in a broken chair.
3. Some people do not like cooked vegetables.
4. The headmaster wanted a written report.
5. That is a forgotten quarrel.
II. Using the words and phrases given, make sentences.
1. Made/I/a new suit/had.
I had made a new suit.
2. She/heard/has/never/spoken/French.
She has never heard spoken French.
3. Respected/makes/his /knowledge/him.
His knowledge makes him respected.
4. I/your names / heard / called.
I heard your names called.
5. Work / we / want this / quickly / done.
We want this work quickly done.
02.LIFE
Q1:- What answer did the stars give to the wind?
Ans:- According to the stars, the life of dependence was no life but to shine with one’s own brightness.
Q2:- What was the moon’s reply to the wind?
Ans:- The moon was not happy as it was evident by what she told the wind. She was painfully aware of the fact that she does not have any light of her own. She felt dead without any light of her own and felt that the borrowed light is like a shroud covering her dead body, making it look sad. Her laughter seemed like widow’s laughter.
Q3:- What was ocean's response?
Ans:- Life for ocean was a bit different. The ocean realized its immense strength and the need to control it. The ocean had immense ability to absorb all sort of experiences, good as well as bad and produce something good out of them, although water of sea is salty and bitter yet it can produce pearls, clouds and that is why the ocean is trying to say that good always comes out by being patient. So, for ocean patience is life.
Q4:- What was earth’s reply to the question put forth to her by the wind?
Ans:-For earth, the essence of life is to love. Earth believes in receiving and giving with full sincerity. Earth receives water from clouds and it runs on earth as rivers and streams. Earth stores it and a part of it is used by plants. Another portion of water is stored by earth which is used by people. Thus, whatever the earth gets it redistributes it amongst those who are in need. That is the reason she is called mother of the nature.
Q5:-What was the little girl doing when the wind saw her?
Ans:-When the wind saw the little girl, she was lighting up new lamps with another lamp which was already alight.
Q6:- Why was the wind impressed by the little girl?
Ans:- The wind was highly impressed with the little girl as she had taught the wind an important lesson of sharing. She had one lamp alighted, she used it to light other lamps which were full of oil. The wind drew an analogy that one person can share happiness with the one who wants to be happy. By doing this he can make others happy and live up his life happily.
Q7:- Why did the wind join the little girl?
Ans :- The wind was greatly impressed with the little girl and her words had a profound effect on the wind. The wind wanted to forget all her troubles and spread the little girl’s message. This was the reason the wind joined the little girl.
“LANGUAGE WORK”
I. Choose the appropriate filler for each of the following from the given options.
1. He tames animals because he is fond of them.
2. He is so lazy that he can seldom complete his work..
3. Whichever way you approach the problem it will not be solved.
4. The doctor warns him that unless he gives up smoking he will not recover.
II. Write at least two synonyms of each of the following words.
1. Abhor To detest To hate
2. Betray To disloyal To reveal
3. Counsel Advice Suggest
4. Delight Pleasure Happiness
5. Educate To nourish To bring
6. Fate Destiny Lot
7. Generous Honorable Magnificent
8. Hasty Forward Quick
9. Intellectual Mental Reasoning
10. Justice Equality Fairness
11. Languid Sluggish Inactive
12. Mend Improve Repair
13. Nonsense Foolish Stupid
14. Obstacle Hindrance Hurdle
15. Palatable Pleasant Acceptable
16. Queer Odd Strange
17. Religious Holy Pious
18. Sober Rational Sedate
19. Transient Temporary Brief
20. Urge Encourage Push
Q. Rewrite the following sentences inserting 'to' wherever necessary before the infinitive in brackets.
1. I have no money to lend you.
5. He made us to wait for a long time.
8. Do you wish to make a complaint?
11. It is up to you to increase your knowledge.
12. Bid him to go there.
13. Good bye! I hope to see you again.
14. I would like to be a teacher.
15. He learnt to swim when he was ten years old.
16. I am tired. I want to go to bed.
17. What have you decided to do?
19. Where is Sumaya? I need to ask her something.
20. I'm trying to concentrate.please stop talking.
03.Global Warming
Q1.Why has the earth’s average surface temperature increased?
Ans:-The earth’s average surface temperature has increased by about 0.80 c (1.4of). In the last one hundred years, the major increase in temperature has occurred in the last three decades only. The tremendous increase in the consumption of fossil fuels and the rapid rate of deforestation and industrialization has been responsible for this change as it has resulted in increased concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere.
Q2:-Why is the Himalayan region called ‘water tower of Asia’?
Ans:-The Himalayan region which has a glacial coverage of 33000 sq km provides about 8.6 million cubic meters of water annually. These mountains are the water towers of Asia as they provide water and food security to millions of people living around these water basins.
Q3:-What are the main sources of water in Kashmir?
Ans:- The main sources of water in the Kashmir valley are glaciers. Kashmir valley mainly depends on these glaciers for its drinking water and irrigation needs. The main glaciers supplying water to the Kashmir valley are Kolhai glacier and glacier in Suru basin.
Q4:- Why is water the most important natural resources?
Ans:- Water is elixir of life. Life cannot be sustained without water. It is needed for so many purposes that we cannot think of life without it. Its importance combined with its scarcity makes water the most precious natural resource.
Q5:- How has Kashmir been influenced by global warming?
Ans:- There has been a reduction in snowfall in Kashmir valley and the glaciers have receded considerably also. This has led to the scarcity of water for drinking and hydropower generation. The fine demarcation between the seasons has changed in Kashmir valley. The famous lakes of the valley___ the Dal and the Wular have shrunk in size. The flora and fauna of the valley have changed considerably. Extreme weather conditions like hot summers and high velocity winds have adversely affected cultivation and agriculture in the valley. This influences livelihood of millions.
Q6:- Why is Global warming a great threat to humanity?
Ans:- Global warming threatens the very existence of human life on Earth. An increase in the earth’s average surface temperature has resulted in melting of glaciers and an increase in sea level that may let many coastal areas come under water. As a result of this the size of glaciers and the area under permanent ice cover will slowly but steadily decrease. Extreme weather events would become more common. Many animals and bird species which cannot adapt quickly to these weather changes will perish.
Q7:- What do you think is the cause of decrease in snowfall in Kashmir?
Ans:- In the last few years, strange weather trends have been noticed in Kashmir valley. The most prominent amongst them is the decrease in snowfall. The cause of this decrease is the phenomenon of global warming.
Q8:-What has been the impact of global warming on J and K so far?
Ans:- There has been a reduction in snowfall in Kashmir valley and the glaciers have receded considerably also. This has led to the scarcity of water for drinking and hydropower generation. The fine demarcation between the seasons has changed in Kashmir valley. The famous lakes of the valley___ the Dal and the Wular have shrunk in size. The flora and fauna of the valley have changed considerably. Extreme weather conditions like hot summers and high velocity winds have adversely affected cultivation and agriculture in the valley. This influences livelihood of millions.
Q9:- What role do the scientists play in J and k to deal with the problem of global warming?
Ans:- Scientists have an important role to play in dealing with the threat of global warming. Scientists have to constantly monitor the level of emission of greenhouse gases and their impact on different sections of the society. They have a responsibility to warn the public about the possible ways in which global warming could affect their lives. Scientists also need to look for alternative sources of energy which could decrease our dependence on fossil fuels.
Q10:- What do we as individuals need to do to deal with the problem of global warming?
Ans:-Global warming is a global threat which would directly or indirectly affect every individual’s life. The entire responsibility of dealing with the problem cannot be put on the government or a few individuals. Every person has a role to play on an individual level; we all can contribute towards the solution of this problem. We can help by cutting down on our consumption of fossil fuels and using more eco-friendly sources like solar energy. We can plant more trees and fight against deforestation.
“Language work”
I. Fill in the following sentences with appropriate compound words or phrases.
1. a) We live in a beautiful green house. (phrase)
b) My uncle has built a greenhouse next to his house, where he grows vegetables in winter. (compound)
2 a) Most PhD's only prefer white - collar jobs. (compound)
b) He was wearing a pink shirt with white - collar.(phrase)
3. a)We live in the white house near the mosque.(phrase)
b)The president of America lives in the White House.(compound)
4. a) My wife keeps her jewellery in a black box.(phrase)
b) The Black box has been found. It will now be possible to find why the plane crashed(compound).
5. a) He has a strong hold on his wife.(phrase)
b) The southern part of the state is a stronghold of robbers.(compound)
III. Choose the synonym of the word.(only correct options has been given.)
1. Sporadic rise in his temperature has caused us much worry.
Irregular
2. Reading of poetry is not congenial to his taste.
Suited
3. The weavers have to do monotonous work.
Repetitive
4. The fishing boat pulled away from the wharf and chugged
smoothly down the bay.
Quay
“Grammar work”
Q. In the following sentences, use either infinitive or gerund in order to make them correct.
1.Laughing is good for health.
2. Our turn being over, we left the library.
3. The old woman tried to go to the hospital alone.
4. Being late for school is his habit.
5. Hina, having completed her work, left home.
6. Listening music is her hobby.
7. I like to read Arabic literature.
8. His only aim was to cheat.
9. Fishing is not allowed here.
10.Children like to make mud house.
04.For God’s Sake Hold Thy Tongue”
Q1:-What do the Quran and the traditions of Prophet (PBUH) tell us on backbiting and scandal mongering?
Ans:- The Quran and the traditions of Prophet (PBUH) strongly condemn the backbiting and scandal mongering. The Prophet (PBUH) says that the person who indulges in backbiting is like a man who eats the flesh of his dead brother.
Q2:- What do the Gita and the Bible tell us on backbiting?
Ans:-It is not only Islam which denounces backbiting but all the religions in the world denounce it. For instance, the Bible says that the one who does not backbite and does not stumble in what he says is a perfect man and the Gita says that a person who does not indulge in backbiting is godly man whereas the man who indulges in it has demoniac endowments.
Q3:- What do the Granth Sahib and Lord Buddha tell us on Backbiting?
Ans:-The Granth Sahib says that the backbiter or the slanderer carries the burden of his own sins. Lord Buddha says that a man should live a life based on right speech.
Q4:- Why did the servant of Rabbi Simeon bring tongues both the times?
Ans:- According to the servant, it is only the tongue that issues the good as well as the bad words. There is nothing better than a good tongue and nothing worse than an evil one. That was the reason the servant brought tongues both the times.
Q5. Why did Rabbi Simeon invite his disciples for a meal?
Ans:-Rabbi Simeon invited his disciples for a meal because he wanted to teach them an important lesson. They were served with both the soft as well as hard tongues. The disciples ate the soft tongues only and after noticing it, Rabbi told them that everybody rejected the hard tongues and preferred the soft ones. So, one should always use only soft tongue in one’s conversation.
Q6. What according to you is the moral of lesson?
Ans:- The moral of the lesson is that one should never indulge in scandal mongering and backbiting.
Q7:- How does our tongue do good or bad to others?
Ans:- If one uses soft and kind words while talking to others, it gives them pleasure. On the contrary, speaking ill of others puts them down. So, just like our hands, our tongue too has the power to do good or bad to others.
“Language work”
Q. Add the correct ending to each of the following words and say what each person does or is connected with.
3. Translate Translator : - one who translates writing or speech into different languages..
4. Novel Novelist : - one who writes novels.
5. Tour Tourist :- one who visits a place for pleasure
6. Politics Politician :- one whose job is connected with politics.
7. Decorate Decorator :-one who decorates.
8. Art Artist : - one who creates painting and drawing.
9. Economics Economist : - one who studies economics
10. Drama Dramatist :-one who writes plays for theatre, TV etc.
11. Cricket Cricketer : - one who plays cricket.
12. Engine Engineer :- who designs engines, machines and buildings.
13. History Historian :-one who studies or writes about History.
14. Mountain Mountaineer :- one who climbs mountains as a sport.
15. Donate Donor :- one who donates money, clothes Etc.
16.Grammar Grammarian :- one who is an expert in study of Grammar.
17. Auction Auctioneer :-one who conducts auction.
18. Science Scientist :-one who studies science
19. Teach Teacher :- one who teaches.
20. Electricity Electrician :- One who repairs electrical equipments.
21. Physics Physician :- A practitioner of physics.
22. Write Writer :- A person who produces literary work.
23. Speak Speaker :- one who gives a talk or speech.
24. Win Winner :-one who wins
25.Mathematics Mathematician :-one who is an expert in mathematics.
“Grammar work”
Q. Complete these sentences with an adverb
1. We didn't go out because it was raining heavily.
2. Our team lost the game because we played very badly.
3. I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat easily.
4.We had to wait for a long time, but we didn't complain. We waited patiently.
5.Nobody knew Atif was coming to see us. He arrived unexpectedly.
6. Zeeshan keeps fit by playing tennis regularly
7. I do not speak Punjabi very well, but I can understand it perfectly if spoken slowly and clearly.
Q. Put in the correct word.
1. Two people were seriously injured in the accident.
2. The driver of the car had serious injuries.
3. I think you behaved very selfishly.
4. Razia is terribly upset about losing her job.
5. There was a sudden change in the weather.
6. Everybody at the marriage party was colourfully dressed.
7. Aslam speaks English fluently.
8. Ved Sir fell and hurt himself quite badly.
9. Hafeez didn't do well at school because he was taught badly.
10. Don't go up that ladder. It doesn't look safe.
05. Polo - The king of Games
Q1:- Why is Polo called the game of kings?
Ans:- In its early history, polo was played by the kings only . It was also played by the likes of Darius, Genghis khan and Alexander the great. During the Mughal period in India, it enjoyed the patronage of kings and nobles; that is the reason it was called the game of kings
Q2:- Where did Polo originate?
Ans:- It originated in central Asia.
Q3:- What was the status of Polo during the Mughal reign?
Ans:- The status of Polo during the Mughal reign was that it was the national sport of India and it also enjoyed the patronage of kings and nobles. Polo was played in the provinces of the empire and in the courts of the Rajput kings.
Q4:-In whose reign did Polo come to Ladakh and how?
Ans:- According to legends, Polo came to central ladakh from neighbouring
in 16th century during the reign of king, Jam yang Namgyal who married Gyal khatun, a princess from Baltistan.
Q5:- How is Polo played in Ladakh?
Ans:- In ladakh, Polo is played with verve. During the match, the
musical instruments like Surna and Daman are played and special polo music is struck at the start and end of the match and then each goal is celebrated.
Q6:- How is Polo in Ladakh different from the international format?
“Grammar work”:
Q. In the following sentences, use the correct preposition out of the given option:
1. The boy jumped over the fence quickly.
2. The players quarreled among themselves on the playfield,
3. My colleagues stood by me in my hour of grief.
4. A dog fell into a ditch.
5. We go to bed at 11 pm.
6. She is leaving for Delhi on 6 March.
7. The thieves are behind the bars now.
8. Urba and Saba are taking meals in plates.
9. I cannot part with this book.
10. He ran across the field to search the rabbit.
Q. Complete the following paragraph by filling in the correct prepositions.
Srilanka won the toss and elected to bat. They needed 232 runs to win and were hopeful of victory because they thought the score would be chased down with ease. Their top three batsmen fell for a mere 54 runs which brought the middle order under pressure. The next two batsmen scored 71 runs for 122 balls but they soon lost wickets at important moment. They were forced to lose the match by 30 runs with 6 balls remaining. Australia's McKay finished with 5 wickets for 28 runs. Their victory over Srilanka has put them at the top of the rankings.
06. Julius Caesar
Q1:- Why did a certain party of Romans wish to kill Julius Caesar?
Ans:- Julius Caesar, a great soldier and leader, was famous all over Europe as a conqueror and was admired by his people as a national hero. Brutus, a man with high and noble morals was Julius Caesar's best friend. Brutus and his brother-in-law, Cassius suspected that Julius might be offered the crown at the national games. Cassius was a member of the Roman party which did not wish Caesar to be made king and thus Cassius started to poison Brutus's mind against Caesar. so, a party of Romans including Brutus wished to kill Julius.
Q2:-Why did Calpurnia beg Caesar not to go to the capitol?
Ans:-Calipurnia, the wife of Caesar had had a frightening dream, in which Caesar’s statue, which stood in the market place , was pouring blood , and many Romans were washing their hands in it with smiling faces. She took it as a warning and begged Caesar not to go to the capitol.
Q3:-What two reasons did Anthony give to show that Caesar was not ambitious?
Ans:-The two reasons which showed that Caesar was not ambitious were; that first Caesar was always kind and generous to the poor and secondly, he refused the crown three times.
Q4:- Why was Brutus’ decision to march from Sardis to Phillipi wrong?
Ans:- Brutus wanted to march to Philippi and attack Mark Anthony there but Cassius was against it .He wanted to wait for the enemy to come to them .But Brutus` persuaded Cassius and marched to Philippi .By marching into Philippi, Brutus' army lost the advantage of their position upon higher ground while on the other side, Octavious and Anthony had the advantage of a good defence position as well as fresh and rested army and thus Cassius and Brutus’ army was defeated quite easily. So, Brutus’ decision to march to Philippi was wrong.
Q5:- Why has Brutus been called ‘the noblest Roman of them all'?
Ans:- Mark Anthony, kneeling beside Brutus’ dead body, felt a great unhappiness for the wasted life of this fine and honorable man. All other conspirators killed Caesar because they were jealous of his growing power. Brutus did so only because of his sheer love for Rome and its people. He was the only one who had honest feelings for the welfare of his people. This was the reason he was called the noblest Romans of them all.
“LANGUAGE WORK”:
1. Match the columns to form collocations
Work ethic
Wide open
Well aware
Great success
Vitally important
“Grammar work”
1. God made the country and man made the town
2. He tried hard but he did not succeed
3. I am the child of the ocean and this is my lot.
4. These things are beyond all understanding and I don’t fear them.
Complete the following by supplying a suitable clause
1. God made the country and man spoiled it.
2. He studied hard but he didn’t succeed.
3. I am the child of the ocean and I bring rain
4. He collects different stamps because he is fond of them.
5. Though I had not seen Nora since she was small baby, I could easily recognize her.
6. About half of the humanity relies on the fresh water that we can get in the mountains region.
7. These things are beyond all understanding and I don’t believe them.
8. When full moon shines in the sky, it looks very pleasant.
9. Unless Rustum is killed, we can’t hope to defeat the enemy.
10. He was so poor that he couldn’t get education in his life.
POETRY
01. A Nation’s strength
Summary
The poem “A Nation’s Strength" has been written by "Ralph Waldo Emerson". This poem is about patriotism. For the times of the poet, the kind of patriotism fits right. However the patriotism is over- powered by wealth, weaponry.
According to the poet, the strength of the nation lies in patriotic and determined inhabitants. The modern world fails to understand this fact that it can only prosper through brave and loyal citizens, the citizens who give their lives for the benefit of the country .They face the enemies when we are sleeping. This courage and strength leads the nation’s strength to the might of majesty wealth, gold and all material things passed away, laid down deep in the dust were crowns of kings but charm and glory of patriotism was never gone. When we see this poem in broader prospective we come to know that pride and bright crown’s luster will be down in ashes but the eternal gift bestowed by the God will be never lost and this is Nation’s real pride and power.
Q1:-In the first stanza, the poet wonders about certain things. What are they?
Ans:-In the first stanza of the poem the poet wonders about what makes a nation’s pillars high and its foundation strong, what makes it strong enough to defy its enemies that surrounds it from all sides.
Q2:-What are the foundations of a strong kingdom built on?
Ans:-The foundations of a strong kingdom are built on the greatness and toughness of its people who can work hard for their nation. It is built on their honesty, courage and truthfulness.
Q3:- What happens to a nation which depends on an army to keep it strong?
Ans:- Such a nation is spoiled. Its empire becomes a thing of past. The blood of its soldiers turns its stones to rust and its glory decays.
Q4:- When a nation becomes proud, what does God do?
Ans:- When a nation becomes proud, God with one stroke diminishes the luster of its crown and turns it into ashes and scatters them at their feet.
Q5:- Do you think that wealth can make a nation great and strong? Why?
Ans:- No, wealth can never make a nation great and strong. It is only the brave men who can make the nation strong. Only those men who can stand fast for the sake of truth and honour, who suffer the hardships by being patient, can make their nation great and strong.
Q6:- What can the brave do?
Ans:- The brave men can do a lot for their nation. The brave men dare while others fly only. They built the pillars of a nation deep and lift them to the sky above.
Q7:- Explain the following lines.
They build a nation’s pillars deep
And lift them to the sky
Ans:-In these lines the poet wants to say that the men who are brave and courageous build the pillars of the nation deep and lift them to the sky. In other words such people make the foundation of a nation strong and take it to great heights.
“LANGUAGE WORK”
1. List the words beginning with these consonants...
m, n, f, s, r, d, p, h, b, g, l
Ans. Makes, Nation’s, Foe, strong, round, Defy, Pillars, High, Blood, Glory, Luster.....
2. Pick out the rhyming words.
Ans. Strong, throng
Grand, Sand
Shock, Rock
Dust, Rust
Away, Decay
Crown, Down
Sweet, Feet
Make, Sake
Strong, Long
Sleep, Deep
Fly, Sky
3. Frame some WH-questions and yes/no questions of your own.
Ans. WH-QUESTIONS
1. What makes you feel proud?
2. What do you want?
YES/NO QUESTIONS
1. Is this your book?
2. Is it not gold?
02. Porus and His Elephant
Summary:
Mary Dobson has written this wonderful and amazing poem namely Porus and His Elephant. This poem is about the faithfulness of a beast unable to speak and express his feeling. This poem is basically a story of Porus and his elephant. In this poem the poet says that one day, Porus went to meet his enemy Alexander the great to fight battle on the banks of river Jhelum. He mounted his elephant bravely. Alexander and his army was waiting for him by the river side. They started the fight that was too dangerous to be expressed in words. Both of them, Porus and Alexander the great fought bravely. All of a sudden, Porus got injured and fell from his elephant. While he was on the ground, his faithful elephant took him under his body and faced all the arrows, spears and enemies and got injured badly. Elephant took his master to a safer place where the faithful beast breathed its last. The poet wanted to convey that even animals that are unable to speak can love, feel, express and be faithful. The elephant proved that beasts can also share their bonds in a very amazing manner.
Q1:-How did the elephant save the life of Porus?
Ans:-During the battle when Porus fell down from his elephant, the elephant leaned over him as a shield to save him from bows and arrows. Finally, he lifted Porus tenderly with his trunk and carried him to a safer place.
Q2.What does the poet mean by
“Ah! These dumb things that cry and pant they too can love for God made them so”
Ans:-In these lines the poet means to say that animals who cannot speak, can also love. They can cry and pant. They can go to any level to love. Though they can’t express their love and feelings through words yet they can do anything for their master. They are as such for God has made them so.
Q3:- Write the story told in the poem in your own words.
Ans:-There was a brave king namely Porus. He went to meet his enemy Alexander_the Great at the bank of the river Jhelum. He took his elephant along with him. A fierce battle started and it was hard to tell that who would win the battle as both the parties were fighting with equal courage. Suddenly Porus fell down from his elephant and was wounded so badly that he could not rise from the ground. The loyal elephant leaned over his master to save him from the enemy and himself bore all the bows and arrows. He blew his trumpet so loudly that the army was scared and challenged the opposite party to come near their prey. Then at last, he lifted the king with his mighty trunk and took him to a safer place. He saved his master but unfortunately he himself died.
Q4:-What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?
Ans:-the Rhyme scheme of the poem is ab, ab.
Q5:- The Poem reflects the faithfulness of an elephant towards his master. Explain.
Ans:- The dumb beast showed his exemplary loyalty and faithfulness by saving his master’s life in the battle field. The loyal elephant leaned over his master to save him from the enemy and himself bore all the bows and arrows. He blew his trumpet so loudly that the army was scared and challenged the opposite party to come near their prey. Then at last, he lifted the king with his mighty trunk and took him to a safer place. He saved his master but unfortunately he himself got killed.
Q6. Tick the right answer.
(a). Porus met his enemy on the bank of:
The Jhelum.
(b). Alexander in the poem is referred to as:
Foe
(c). Who was wounded?
Porus.
(d). The wounded Porus is lifted by:
The elephant
(e). Who saves Porus?
His elephant
“LANGUAGE WORK”:
I. Use the following words, phrases and expressions in your sentences.
1. You are telling us a days gone by story.
2. Alexander led his troops for fray on the bank of the river Jehlum.
3. It’s better to hold at bay from this issue.
4. Porus went to meet his foe in battle pride.
5. Porus and his enemy fought the more.
6. The elephant played a gallant part for Porus.
7. Elephant lifted Porus with his mighty trunk.
II. Use the following words as nouns and verbs in your own sentences.
1. Where is the record of the researches we made?(N)
We recorded all what she said.(V)
2. She gave me a present. (N)
Be present in the meeting. (V)
3. My object is to teach him a lesson. (N)
She objected his decision. (V)
4. The child entered the spelling contest. (N)
I will contest for the open seat in board.(V)
5. What was the produce of grains this year.(N)
I will produce some hand - made goods.(V)
“The Bangle Seller”
Q1:- Who is the speaker in the poem?
Ans:- The Bangle seller is the speaker in this poem.
Q2:- How are bangles described in the first stanza of the poem and who are these for?
Ans:-The bangles are being described as delicate and bright. These bangles look like rainbow tinted circles of light and these bangles are meant for happy daughters and wives.
Q3:-The poet used different similes for the bangles. What are these?
Ans:- The similes used in the poem are silver and blue as the mountain mist, flushed like the buds that dream, like the flame of her marriage fire and like her bridal laughter and bridal tears.
Q4:-Name the different colours of bangles mentioned in the poem. What do these represent?
Ans:-The different colours mentioned in the poem are silver, purple, blue, golden and rainbow tinted. These colours represent the different stages in the life of a woman.
Q5:-The word 'some' has been repeated in the poem for a purpose. What is it?
Ans:- The word ‘some’ has been used for the different stages in the life of a woman comparing with different colours of bangles she wears at different stages of her life.
Q6:- Explain the following lines.
“Some are meet for maiden’s wrist
Silver and blue as the mountain mist”
Ans:-In these lines the poet wants to say that a bangle seller has different bangles and some of these bangles are meant for unmarried girls and these bangles are specified for a maiden’s wrist. Some of these bangles are silver and blue in colour representing the mountain mist.
“Summary”
The poem, “Bangle seller “has been written by “Sarojini Naidu”. In this poem, the poet beautifully portrays different stages in the life of a woman from her girlhood to maturity. A woman beautifully spends each and every stage of her life with a vibrant mood. Colours play an important role in a woman’s life, so does the colourful bangles that she wears on different occasions of her life.
The poet describes bangles as rainbow tinted circles of light and these bangles are meant for happy daughters and happy wives. The poet wants to say that bangle seller has different bangles and some of these bangles are meant for unmarried girls. Some of them are silver in colour specified for a maidens’ wrist. Red coloured bangles are for married women, gold flecked bangles are for middle aged women. Sarojini Naidu has lyrically described the longings of an Indian woman who nurse her kids with complete faithfulness and serves her household in a useful way. Besides she worship the God for her family’s happiness and cherish every moment of her life.
“LANGUAGE WORK”
1. Fill in the blanks as in the poem.
1. Bangles are said to be as rainbow tinted circles of light.
2. Some are like fields of sunlit corn.
3. Some bangles are purple and gold flecked grey.
4. People buy these bangles from a bangle seller.
04.Prayer for strength
Summary:
The poem, “Prayer For Strength” has been written by Rabindranath Tagore. The poet implores his God to make his heart strong enough to bear joys and sorrows. He also prays to grant him the strength to help the poor and to make his mind free from every day issues. The poet prays to God to remove the hardness of his heart so as to make his heart free from the poverty of love. He wants to be a loving and caring human being. He asks his God to enrich his soul with love, compassion, patience and obedience; for this he needs to strengthen his heart so that he rises above from the desires and daily trifles. According to the poet, man’s desires don’t let him live according to the God’s will. They make him weak by heart as man’s dreams and desires are very powerful. That is why the poet asks for a very strong heart - filled with strength to surrender his will to God.
Q1:-Why does the poet want God to strike at his heart?
Ans:-The poet wants God to strike at his heart so as to make it strong enough to bear joys and sorrows
Q2:-What does the poet want the strength for?
Ans:- The poet wants strength for his heart; the strength that he can use to help poor and needy people, the strength to make his mind free, the strength to surrender his will to the Almighty.
Q3:- How can love be made meaningful in one’s life?
Ans:- Love could be made meaningful in one’s life by submitting one’s self for the benefit of all human beings.
Q4:- What should be our attitude towards the poor?
Ans:- We should behave in a kind and helpful manner towards the poor.
Q5:- What does 'bend my knees' signify?
Ans:- 'Bend my knees' means to kneel down in front of someone. In this poem, the poet prays to God to give him the strength to bow in front of Him only and no one else.
Q6:- Why does the poet want to raise his mind high above daily trifles?
Ans:- The poet wants to raise his mind high above daily trifles so that he could do other fruitful services for mankind.
Q7:- Why does the poet ask for strength to surrender his will to God’s will?
Ans:-The poet asks for strength to surrender his will to God’s will as he knows that man’s dreams and desires will not let him to do things which God wishes him to do.
“LANGUAGE WORK”
1. Make some words with dis.
1. Disclose
2. Disgusting
3. Discard
4. Disown
5. Disperse
6. Dislocate
2. Read the poem again and find the words and expressions that have been repeated in the poem.
1. Strike
2. My
3. Love
05.The Brook
“Summary”
The "Brook" has been written by Alfred Tennyson. It is a beautiful alluric creation that is not only a beauty to see but to listen also. The brook narrates the story of its musical journey along woods and valleys-imagery of sight and sound are blended in the poem by employing exquisite words and expressions. This poem is a trace of life of a brook, a small stream as it flows down the hills across the valley to empty in the river. On a deeper level, the poet uses brook to draw a parallel with the life of a man. The man is energetic and swift moving when he was young but slows down later in his life just as a stream does. As it slows down it deposits sand and silt that it has brought down from the mountains and hills during its journey. It passes through forests and fields that are either fertile or fallow. It also passes through grassy lawns and flower gardens with so many beautiful trees like forget – me-not and hazel. It does not stop its path. Similarly, man is also being forced by some natural force to face all challenges of life and has to go on finding new ways and means to live.
In this poem, the poet points to the eternal nature of brook that outlives man in many ways. Man is born to die but the brook never seizes to exist. It continues to flow from its sources to the river externally.
Q1:- Who is ‘I’ referred to in the poem?
Ans:- I is referred to brook in the poem.
Q2:- Trace the journey of the brook?
Ans:- The brook rises from place visited by water bird. It flows through a valley then it passes through several villages and towns. Since it flows over stones, it gives a special chattering sound. Sometimes it gives a soft murmuring sound and sometimes it produces bickering sound, it flows fast but at other places it slides gently. The brook winds in and while flowing foams are formed on the surface of the brook and floats over the fishes are also seen. The sun rays get reflected through the gushes of its clear water. The brook flows down endlessly day and night till it joins the river. According to the brook man may come and go but, it goes on forever means journey of a brook never ends.
Q3:- Explain the following lines
“For men may come and men may go .
but It go on forever”
Ans:-In these lines the poet wants to say that men come in the world, spend their life which is full of joys and sorrows and then leave it. But it is the nature only which goes on providing joys to the coming generations. Here the poet wants to give message that man is short lived while nature is everlasting.
Q4:- Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sound in verse such as “I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance pick out more examples of alteration from the poem.
Ans:- Golden gravel, sandy shallows,. Fairy fore land, willow weed, hills hurry, sudden sally, skimming swallows.
Q5:-Can the journey of the brook be compared to human life? How?
Ans:-In a way the journey of the brook can be compared to human life. The way a brook has to pass through the mountains and other things to reach to the river, in the same way, the man has to go through and face many difficulties and hardships in life before he dies.
“LANGUAGE WORK”:
1.Pick out the sound images used in the poem.
Ans. To bicker down the valley
I chatter over stony ways
I babble on the pebbles
I murmur under moon and stars
I chatter, chatter as I flow
2. Find the visual images in the poem.
sparkle out among the fern
I bubble into eddying bays
With here a blossom sailing
And here and there a lusty trout
With many a silvery water break
Above the golden gravel
I make the netted sunbeam dance
06.Mercy
“Summary”
The poem, ‘Mercy’ has been written by the great English poet and writer William Shakespeare. In this poem, the poet talks about the beautiful quality that one must possess in order to achieve one of the virtues of a good human being.
In this poem, the poet begins by telling us that mercy is a gentle quality that flows effortlessly from the heart of a merciful being as water becomes a mercy in the form of rain falling gently on earth. It not only benefits the person on whom the kindness is being done but also the one being merciful. It is a quality which suits a ruler much more than his jewellery, crown or any other adornment. The poet says so because the power that the crown bestows on the king is time being and it fills the heart of the human being or subject with fear of the king where as mercy in the heart of a human being is not bound by time or inheritance. It elevates a king from the position of a mere ruler to the status equivalent to God. Moreover, mercy is a quality that is a godly endowment. The poet concludes this poem by saying that when a king carries out justice with mercy in his heart then indeed there will be heaven on Earth.
Q1:- Where does the quality of mercy come from? Who are blessed by it?
Ans:- Mercy is a heavenly quality which is sent from the heavens in the hearts of human beings for all living creatures. Mercy spreads blessings in two ways. It surely blesses the person receiving it but equally benefits the one bestowing it.
Q2:- How is mercy better than the crown of the king?
Ans:- Mercy is better than the crown of the king because the majesty that the crown bestows on the king is only short lived. He can claim the crown either by his sword or by his heritage;neither of which will make him a beloved leader of his people but mercy can. A merciful heart can win over anyone as it is a heavenly quality.
Q3:- What does sceptre stand for? How does it affect the king?
Ans :-Sceptre stands for the royal wand which symbolizes authority. It represents the power that the crown gives the king. It gives the king majesty and fills the people with a feeling of reverence, fear and sometimes admiration.
Q4:-When does earthly power look like God’s?
Ans:-To do justice is the duty as well as the privilege of a king. This is an earthly power. However, when this justice is mete out with mercy in your heart, it symbolizes the justice delivered by God. This is when an earthly power becomes like God's.
Q5:- How is mercy above the ‘sceptred sway’?
Ans:-A true king is the one who not only rules the land but rules the hearts of his people as well. "Sceptred sway" means exercising rule over the people with authority. Might makes a ruler successful but it will never make him a king who will be remembered fondly by his people. Only when the king rules his people justly and kindly with a heart filled with mercy, he will find a place in the heart of his subjects.
Q6:-What happens when mercy seasons justice?
Ans:-When justice is delivered with mercy then a divine quality is added to the earthly power.
“LANGUAGE WORK”.
A. Find the similes and metaphors in the poem.
SIMILES
As the gentle rain, Show like God’s when mercy seasons justice, Earthly power doth then show like God`s.
METAPHOR
It is Twice Blest, Tis mightiest in the mightiest, enthroned in the heart of kings, It is an attribute to God himself.
B. Find out the poetical language words from the poem and write their meanings.
Dropeth--to drop
Blest--bless
Tis- -truth
Doth-- does
07.Wrinkles
“Summary”
The poem ‘Wrinkles’ has been written by “Arvind Krishna Mehrotra.” The poem lays emphasis on the sacrifices made by a mother for her children. The mothers give up whatever they possess. Children need to appreciate and reciprocate the motherly love because the level of such sacrifices is very high.
The poem relates the sacrifices a woman makes while she is a girl, wife and mother. He counts and details the wrinkles present on her mother’s face. He says that first wrinkle defines the pain when she was getting married and sent to someone’s home. Second wrinkle was found when the poet was in mother’s womb, while she was nurturing him, bearing his weight inside and being happy on every move of her child .Third wrinkle appeared on the nursing face while feeding her baby. She sees her whole world in her child. The poet says there is another wrinkle when a girl took him away from his mother. All these stages she crossed with smile and happiness. The poet is totally immersed in the wrinkles on his mother’s face. He knows that she was suppressed when she was a girl, a girl who loved celebrating festivals like Raade and Navaratra. She went to Tawi to immerse Raade seedlings and bathe during Navratra. The poet further says that she used to play hopscotch and the game of pebbles .The poet wishes and asks his mother to become such a girl again, just for a day. He promises to bring everything i.e. colour of Raade, tinsel of dupatta, colourful pebbles from across the Tawi.
Q1:- How many wrinkles does the poet find on the mother’s face?
Ans:- The poet finds four wrinkles on his mother’s face.
Q2:-What does the first wrinkle represent?
Ans:-The first wrinkle on the mother’s face represents the pain while leaving her parents' home at the time of her marriage.
Q3:-What does the second and third wrinkles represent?
Ans:-The second wrinkle represents the pain and suffering felt by the mother when the poet was in her womb. The third wrinkle represents the love and affection that the mother gave to her son when she was feeding him.
Q4:- What is the poet seeking under the wrinkles of the mother?
Ans:- Under the wrinkles of his mother the poet is seeking the girl that she used to be before her marriage.
Q5:- What are the activities the poet’s mother used to do when she was a girl?
Ans:-When the poet’s mother was a young girl, she would go to the bank of river Tawi to immerse Raade festival seedlings and bathe during Navratras. Moreover, she used to play hopscotch and a game of pebbles.
Q6:- How does the poem end?
Ans. The poem ends with a promise made by the poet by bringing her everything which she enjoyed most during her childhood. He promises her to get the colours for Raade, Tinsel for her dupatta, the colourful pebbles from across the river Tawi .The poet wishes and urges his mother to become the same girl who was full of enthusiasm as she used to be before her marriage.
“LANGUAGE WORK”
Q. Write the meanings of the following phrases or expressions as used in the poem.
1. From the backyard from the house of the parents of the poet.
2. On your blood the energy drained from the mother’s body.
3. Nourished myself developed and grew in the mother’s womb.
4. Took me away got married.
5. Taking courage having hope
6. Under the skin in the past of the poet’s mothers.
7. From across the river from the house of parents of the poet.
08.Meeting Poet
“Summary”
This poem has been written by Eunice de souza. The poet has beautifully put forward a fact about poets that they exhibit dual personality. Whenever the poet happens to meet other poets she feels confused .she can’t assess them by the colour of their socks, colour of their hair or the strange tone of their voice . Poet may look shabby or behave strangely but their poems may be great works of art. Merely going through the great work of art in the form of poems may not help a person to assess great poets. The poem presents the confusion created in the minds of readers by reading the works of the poet with reference to their profiles or personality and will surely help a person to assess personality of a poet.
Q1:-Why is poet confused when she meets poets?
Ans:-The poet is confused because according to her poets exhibit dual personalities. So, she can’t predict them by their personalities. One has to go through the great works of art as well.
Q2:-What is the best way to know poets?
Ans:- The best way to know poets is by reading the works of the poets with reference to their profile and personalities.
Q3:- What does the poet compare the poets with?
Ans:- The poet compares other poets to a distant sea. The distant sea
looks sad and seems to meet with sky but , it is just the illusion of the on-lookers.
Q4:- Explain the 'phrase wasp in the voice.'
Ans. The phrase "wasp in the voice" explains the bitterness or coarseness in the voice of the poet.
“LANGUAGE WORK”:
Words Denotative meaning Connotative
Colour appearance shabbiness
Suspicious doubt hint
Dankness dampness unpleasant
Cool cold calm
Speckled marked with spots stained
Distant far away unexpected
09.Stars Speak To Man
Q1:- What do the stars say to man in the first two lines? Ans:-In the first two lines of the poem, the stars want to say to mankind that he had been blessed by Almighty as the light of reason, but unfortunately he chose to be fire. The mankind has put humanity to disgrace and he became a destroyer. The stars repent and say that it was very callous of mankind. Q2:- Nature had fashioned you to apportion love and affection but you took to buying and selling religion and faith instead.Explain these lines. Ans:-Nature had fashioned mankind to distribute love and affection among his fellow beings but instead he started using religion and faith on the commercial basis. His love for his own religion made him hate the people belonging to other religions and forget humanity. While as every religion teaches love, peace and equality to be shared among people. Q3:- Why is man described as a serpent? Ans:- Nature had provided him with treasures of bounties to share them equitably but it is a pity that his callousness, insensitivity and avarice are leading him into a state of apathy and has confined those treasures to himself only that is to say that he sat like a serpent on them. Q4:-"That which you call awakening is a stupefying hangover." Why? Ans:- The man poses to be the pillar of religion and dharma, but his love for religion leads him to hate the people of other religion . Man has given the name of patriotism and religion to disruption and mischief that is why the poet calls man’s awakening nothing but a stupefying hangover. He worships God but follows a Devil instead. Q5:- Do you think the poem is a wake - up call? Ans:- Yes, it is a wake –up call. In this poem, the stars are trying to make man aware of one’s responsibilities and duties on the earth because man is caught in the stupefying hangover of selfishness. Man has looted his own home violently and has caused extensive danger to it. So the stars ask the man to wake up from his fanciful dream and be kind and humane to his fellow beings.
10.SUMMER AND WINTER
PASSAGES FOR COMPRHENSION
Read the following stanza of a poem carefully and answer the question that follow:
I
It was bright and cheerful afternoon
Towards the end of the sunny month of june,
When the north wind congregates in crowds
The floating mountains of the silver clouds
From the horizon--- and the stainless sky
Open beyond them like eternity.
Questions
i) These lines have been taken from the poem:
a) ‘Meeting poets
b) ‘Summer & Winter’
c) ‘Stars Speak to Man’
ii) The word ‘congregates’ means:
a) gathers
b) separates
c) concentrates
iii) Write short answers to the following questions:
i) Which afternoon does the poet describe in the given stanza?
ii) What does the north wind bring with it?
Answers
1.'Summer & Winter'
2. gathers
3.
i) Here, the poet describes a beautiful afternoon in the summer season. He says that it was the sunny month of June.
ii) It brings with it hordes of huge clouds.means:
II
All things rejoiced beneath the sun; the weeds,
The river, and the corn-fields, and the reeds;
The willow leaves that glanced in the light breeze,
And the firm foliage of the larger trees.
Question:
1. According to the poet, .......appeared beautiful on a summer afternoon.
i) nothing
ii) something
iii) everything
2. The phrase 'firm foliage' means:
i) wild plants
ii) strong leaves
iii) tall grasses
3. Write short answers to the following questions:
i) What different things have been shown as full of joy on a summer afternoon?
ii) Give the name of the poem and the poet.
Q1:-What do the opening lines of the poem describe?
Ans;- In these lines the poet describes an afternoon in the month of June. He describes it as a beautiful sunny afternoon when everything seems to be full of joy.
Q2:- What is the effect of the shining sun on the objects of nature?
Ans:- The effect of the shining sun on the objects of nature seems to be full of joy.
Q3:- How is winter described in the poem?
Ans:- Winter is described as a terrible weather in the poem because the birds begin to die deep in the forests, the fishes lie stiffened in the translucent ice. The rich people in spite of living in comfortable homes gather round big fires, but yet they feel cold.
Q4:- Explain the following lines.
Ans:- In these lines the poet describes a bright and cheerful afternoon. He says that everything seems to be full of joy. The
weeds, the river, the corn fields, the reeds, the willow leaves shine and glance in the gentle breeze.
Q5:- How does the poem end?
Ans:- The poem ends with a sad note. The poet says that during winter, birds die in the deep forests and fishes lay stiffened in the frozen water. Further the poet says that rich people living in the comfortable homes gather round fires and yet they feel cold. The poet feels sad to think of those homeless wanderers who have no place to hide their heads in the harsh and terrible weather.
“Summary”
P.B Shelly has written this beautiful comparison between summer and winter in the form of a poem . He has not only written a poem which soothes our mind but draws a clear picture of what he writes about. Summer is presented as bright and joyful which symbolizes happiness while as winter is symbol of lifelessness.
In the opening lines, the poet touches the sunny month of June when wind chants with mountains and they shine, making the horizon visible clearly. View of the spotless sky symbolizes eternity behind them though, both horizon and sky are very far away from us yet they seem very near and clear. And in the magical lantern of the sun all creations rejoice with happiness.
Describing the winter, the poet has used the word lifeless. In winter the birds die, the green woods become black and rotten yellow, the frozen water cages fish in it stiffened with cold, bitter cold that makes clod of mud as hard as a brick. Various organisms become homeless in winter. The poem ends in more or less like a sigh of grief and helplessness, when, the poet thinks about a homeless beggar and stops there.
01. The Unthankful Man
Q1:-What was Raman’s wife fed up with?
Ans:- Raman’s wife was fed up with their poverty.
Q2:- What did Raman see when he peeped into the well?
Ans:- While Raman peeped into the well, he saw a tiger, a monkey, a snake and a gold-smith.
Q3:- Why was Raman scared of the snake?
Ans:-He was scared of the fact that if he pulled the snake out of the well, it would bite him and he would die.
Q4:-What did the monkeys do when Raman was hungry?
Ans:- The monkeys got sweet and juicy mangoes from the tree and gave them to Raman.
Q5:-What did the tiger give him?
Ans:- The tiger gave him a necklace.
Q6:-What did the goldsmith do when Raman showed him the necklace?
Ans:-After showing him the necklace, the goldsmith asked Raman to wait at the shop and he himself went to the king to complaint against Raman.
Q7:- How did Raman cure the queen?
Ans :-Raman cured the queen by touching her forehead.
Q8:-Why did the king send the goldsmith to jail?
Ans:-Raman had once saved the goldsmith’s life. In return the goldsmith made a promise to help. Instead of helping him he framed wrong charges against the innocent Raman and sent him to jail. Raman narrated the whole story to the king and the goldsmith was in jail and Raman was released.
“LANGUAGE WORK”
Who said the following and to whom?
1. "Why don't you go to the nearby town and seek some job?"
Wife to Raman
2. "I live in Varanasi and I am a goldsmith by profession."
Goldsmith to Raman
3. "Once, I saved a prince's life. In return he gave me this necklace. "
Tiger to Raman
4. "You have killed our prince and stolen his necklace.”
Guard to Raman
5. "How did you land up in the prison?”
King to Raman
6. "Go home and live happily.”
King to Raman
GRAMMAR:-
FOREST CONSERVATION
Man has been cutting down forests indiscriminately and today the trend is not only to save natural forests but to create artificial ones. Deserts are made to bloom! The Imperial Valley of the Sonoran desert in southern California has been converted into a green patch which yields crops all the year round. Forests are not to be considered merely as a direct source of wealth; they are to be considered in relation to the national economy and geography.
Forests serve many purposes. They hold together the soil and prevent or minimize soil erosion. The oxygen in the air is replenished by forests and plankton in the sea. Trees and plants, during photosynthesis, absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Scientists fear that if forests are destroyed indiscriminately, there will be an increase in carbon dioxide and eventually the sun rays will become hotter, the polar caps will melt and the ocean level will rise and submerge much of our land. Vegetable mould that forests supply increases the fertility of the soil. Forests influence climate. The roots suck up sub-soil water and it is expelled as moisture by foliage. Forests provide sanctuary for animals and birds. It is to be remembered that the rich and varied wild life vanishes in proportion to the forest we destroy. Industries like paper, rayon. Strawboards, matches, insulation boards and wood-panel products are dependent on forests. Indian forests are said to yield 2,500 species of wood, about 18% of which are commercially valuable. Forests are a source of essential oil and medicinal herbs. The lignin and cellulose found in wood are chemically treated to produce valuable drugs like sulfonamide and chloroform. Spruce and fur are used for making airplane and glider parts. Ash and mulberry woods are used for making many sports goods. Governments all over the world have taken steps to conserve forests. President Franklin Roosevelt of the USA, alarmed by the massive destruction of forests by man, created a conservation corps of two million men to plant trees, dig lakes and build forest roads and in the course of ten years saved the country's forests. Today the trend is not only to save the existing forests but to create artificial ones. The success of this experiment shows that land can be reclaimed and thus increase the food supply of the world.
Q: Write a letter to a pen friend describing yourself.
19 Al-Farooq colony
Bemina, Srinagar
Jan 17, 2018
Dear Fazil
May I introduce myself? My name is_____ and I am going to be your Kashmiri pen friend. I am 14 years old. I am 152 cms tall. I am sending you my recent photograph. I have one brother and he is younger to me. My father is a doctor and my mother is a housewife. We live in the Budgam district of kashmir. I go to Valley institute Bemina and I am in 8th standard. Mathematics is my favourite subject. I always secure the highest marks in every subject. I am fond of singing. My favourite sport is cricket. Tell me something about your favourite sport and what are your favourite subjects? Please write to me about yourself.
Yours loving
02.
AchillesQ1:-How was the Rose- beetle Man dressed?
Ans:- The Rose-Beetle Man was wearing a worn shirt with patched trousers. Wearing cravat of starling blue satin round his neck, on his head he had a hat with a wide floppy brim.
Q2:-How do we know that the Rose-Beetle Man cared well for his pets?
Ans:- The Rose Beetle Man had some pets and had decorated their front legs with red bows and had polished their shells with oil. Thus, it is evident that he cared for his pets.
Q3:-What made the narrator select one particular tortoise from among the other animals?
Ans:-The tortoise which attracted the attention of the narrator was a smaller one with a shell of the size of a tea cup. Its eyes were bright and it walked quite alertly. It seemed to be sprightlier than the other tortoises. So, the narrator selected it.
Q4:- How did Achilles enjoy eating strawberries?
Ans :- Achilles’ favourite fruit was wild strawberry. He would devour small strawberries at a gulp. If it was a bigger one, he would grab the whole fruit firmly in his mouth and stumble at top speed until he reached a quiet spot where he could eat it and enjoy it at leisure.
Q5:- How were Roger and Achilles rivals?
Ans:-Roger and Achilles were fond of grapes. So, there was a great rivalry between the two. Though, Roger was given a good share of the fruit but whenever he saw Achilles enjoying grapes he would consider it a waste to give delicacies to a tortoise.
Q6:-Why did Achilles find Roger irritating?
Ans:- Whenever Achilles would eat grapes, Roger would come to him and lick him vigorously to get the grape juice which was running down his chin. This irritated Achilles so much that he would go into his shell and refuse to come out until Roger was removed from the scene.
Q7:-How did Roger feel at Achilles' funeral?
Ans:-Roger was quite happy at Achilles' funeral and wagged his tail throughout the whole burial service.
Q8:-The family wandered about the Olive-grooves shouting, Achilles………..strawberries, At length, we found him
a) How had Achilles escaped?
Ans:- One day, the garden gate was left open. Achilles got the chance to go out of the house that is how he escaped.
b) Explain why the family, shouted 'strawberries’ during their search?
Ans:- Since Achilles liked strawberries so much so that he would become positively hysterical at the mere sight of it , while looking for Achilles, the narrator’s family shouted 'strawberries ……… strawberries’ just to attract his attention.
c) Where did the family finally find Achilles? What had happened to him?
Ans:- Finally, Achilles was found in a deep well, whose wall had long since disintegrated. Achillies had fallen into the well and had died.
Q9:-There are many instances of humour in the story? Pick out any two of them.
Ans:- Beetles circling round the Rose Beetle Man’s hat and the pet dog licking Achilles vigorously are humourous episodes in the story.
“Language work”:
Q. Form anagrams using the following words with the help of the clues given in the table
1. Looped Poodle
2. School master The classroom
3. Listen Silent
4. Married Admirer
5. Rabies Serbia
6. Real fun Funeral
7. Retain Retina
8. Charm March
“GRAMMAR WORK”:
I. Some of the following sentences are incorrect. Correct them.
I. 1. We get a lot of English home work.
2. I have got some sand in my shoe
3. Correct
4. Correct
5. Correct
6. He carried my luggage to the taxi
II. Insert 'a' or 'an' wherever necessary.
1. Why are you taking an umbrella? It's not raining.
2. I had x soup and a bread roll for lunch.
3. It was a good idea to have a party.
4. She's looking for a job in Jammu.
5. I often go to her for an advice.
III. Fill in the gaps with a noun from the box using a/an/the wherever necessary.
1. There is a fly in my soup.
2. I have to buy some furniture for my new house.
3. I haven't got much luggage with me. Just this bag.
4. It’s a sunny day today.
5. There weren't any accidents on the road yesterday.
IV. Which of the underlined words in parts of these sentences is correct?
1. Hurry up? We haven't got a lot of time.
2. I don't eat much chocolate.
3. I didn't take many photographs.
4. I don't listen to much classical music.
ESSAY
USES OF ELECTRICITY
We see the wonders of electricity everywhere. Science has given us many blessings, electricity is one of them. It has brought about many changes in the world. To speak the truth, one cannot imagine a single day without it. These days much of the domestic work is done with the help of electricity. It lights our roads and houses. We use electricity for cooking and ironing our clothes. In summer, we enjoy the breeze of electric fans. In winter, the electric heaters keep us warm. Electricity has not only given us these comforts, but has done much service otherwise. Electricity has given us numerous blessings. In industries, the service of electricity are even great. Now a days almost all the industrial units, mills and factories are run by the means of electricity. Modern life is incomplete without T.V, mobile phones, computers, radio. The x-ray machines work on electricity. With its help many diseases and defects in the internal organs of the body are detected and cured. All these are the blessings of electricity.
Electricity has made our travelling very quick and comfortable. We can travel by electric trains, tram-cars very quickly. There is an electric toaster which cuts 29 thousand slices of bread in one hour. Cows are milked by electricity and there are electric ploughs for ploughing the fields.
The wonders of electricity cannot be counted. Its blessings are so many that it is impossible to describe them.
Q: Write a letter to the chairman of your school requesting the chairman for financial help.
The Chairman
Valley institute of Quality education
Bemina sgr
Date:______
Respected sir
I would like to draw your kind attention towards the following lines that I am a student of your school in class 8th A bearing roll no. 2. My father is a poor man. He runs a small provisional store and has to support a large family of twelve members. It is therefore not possible to buy me new books, notebooks and uniform e.t.c. Moreover, he is not in a state to pay my school fee regularly. I am a good student and wants to continue my studies. I am in the good books of all my teachers.
I therefore, request you to grant me financial help from the school funds.
Thanking you in anticipation.
Yours obediently
_______________
03.Colours of Rainbow
Q1:-What did the narrator observe when he looked out?
Ans:-The narrator observed that the clouds had cleared and the sun had also come out. While watching the beauties of nature, he saw drops of water dripping and sliding down the chilli plants which had grown quite tall and were sporting red chillies.
Q2:-Why was the narrator unable to pay attention to what his daughter was saying?
Ans:- Narrator was unable to pay attention to what his daughter was saying because he was busy enjoying the beauties of nature and his attention was centered on the rain drops . He was so lost in them that he did not pay any attention to what his daughter was saying.
Q3:- Why did the narrator have a tiff with his wife?
Ans:-The narrator’s wife had prepared tea for him. Since the narrator was lost in his own musings, his wife got irritated and started shouting at him. This annoyed the narrator leading to an argument and a tiff between them.
Q4:-What did the narrator find when he returned home late at night?
Ans:- When the narrator returned home late at night, he found that his kids had gone to sleep and his wife was waiting and sitting all by herself.
Q5:- Why did the narrator not have an appetite?
Ans:-Since the narrator had already taken his dinner outside and had taken to his fill. So obviously he had no appetite.
B .Find the sentences in which these phrases or phrasal verbs occur.
Burst in laugther, close by, looked at, cope with wan & weak, all by herself, feel home sick, grown up, in a huff, lost sight of , get up, got fed up with ,picked up, hard up
Ans: Then both of us burst into laughter.
She seated close by and began fanning me.
She looked at her brother.
Maria finds it difficult to cope with the present conditions.
She had not eaten anything since morning, she looked wan & weak.
My wife sits all by herself.
Rahul feels homesick at hostel.
You are a grown up now.
I got up in a huff.
I lost sight of the seven coloured swing & shouted, I don’t want any tea.
We should get up early in the morning.
I am fed up with all that official work.
The sun had gone beyond the clouds &the wind has picked up speed.. Some days passed comfortably but most of the time we were hard up.
C.list the Hindi words from the story.
Ans: thali, chappati, buddhi, prakash, Gudda,Guddi, oonhoon, papaji
“LANGUAGE WORK”.
Q.Join the binomials with and:
1. Prim and proper
2. High & cry
3. Rough & tough
4. Safe & sound
5. All & sundry
6. Bread & butter
Q. Look for the words that are either near-synonyms or antonyms of the left hand word.
1. Law & order
2. Now & then
3. Hit and miss
4. Clean and tidy
5. Pick and choose
6. Sick and terrible
7 .Leaps and bounds
Q. The following binomials do not have AND in the middle. What do they have?
1. Sooner or later
2. All or nothing
3. back to front
4. Sink or swim
5. Slowly but surely
6. Make or break,
“Grammar Work”
Q. Put a question tag at the end of following sentences.
1. Tom won’t be late, will he?
2. You’re tired, aren’t you?
3. You have got a camera, haven’t you?
4. You weren't listening, were you?
5. She doesn't know Aneeka, does she?
6. Mubashir is on holiday, isn’t he?
7. Ram applied for a job, didn’t he?
8. You can speak Dogri, can’t you?
9. He won't mind if I use his phone, will he?
10. There are a lot of people here, aren’t there?
11. Let's go out tonight, shall we?
12. This isn't very interesting, is this?
13. I am too impatient, aren’t I?
14. You wouldn't tell anyone, would you?
15. You wouldn't listen, would you?
16. I shouldn't have lost my temper, should I have?
17. Don't drop the vase, will you?
18. You'd never met me before, had you?
04.Rustum And Sohrab”
Q1:- Why was Rustum not able to live with his wife for a long time?
Ans:-Rustum couldn’t live with his wife as he was called back by the king of Persia because the king didn’t feel safe unless Rustum was not in his kingdom to protect and defend it. So, Rustum had to go away from his wife.
Q2:- Why did Tanimeh send word to Rustum that their child was a daughter?
Ans:- After Rustum went to Persia, a son was born to Tanimeh but she kept it as a secret fearing that Rustum might take away the child with him and make him a soldier. So, she sent word to Rustum that their child was a daughter.
Q3:-What secret did Sohrab learn from his mother?
Ans:-Sohrab learnt from his mother that he was the son of great Rustum, ‘the Shield of Persia’.
Q4. What did Tanimeh want Sohrab to do when he met his father?
Ans:- While parting, Rustum gave Tanimeh a great stone and told her to tie the stone round the arm of the baby when she becomes the mother. So, Tanimeh wanted Sohrab to show his father the precious stone tied on his arm.
Q5:- Why was Rustum at first not ready to fight Sohrab?
Ans:-Rustum was staying with his old father that time. He was not ready to fight saying that he had become old and requested the king of Persia to look for some other young man to fight this youth.
Q6:- Why did Rustum not tell Sohrab who he was ?
Ans:- After hearing the voice of Rustum, Sohrab wanted to know if it was his father's, but Rustum denied thinking that the young man was trying to be clever as after knowing Rustum's name, he might want to make peace with him and withdraw from the fight. So he didn’t tell Sohrab who he really was.
Q7:-How was Sohrab wounded?
Ans:- After hearing Rustum’s war cry, Sohrab lost courage and his war shield fell off his hands and Rustum’s sword went through his body. This way Sohrab was wounded.
Q8:- What were Sohrab’s last words?
Ans:-Sohrab told his father to be comforted with the fact that they had found each other at last and not to grieve what fate had brought about. He further wished to be carried to home and be buried there under the name of mighty warrior Rustum’s son; so that anybody passing the grave would know Sohrab's real identity and his ill-fated end.
“LANGUAGE WORK”
B. Find words /phrases from the box for the following expressions.
a) A fight, especially in a war.
Combat
b) To keep somebody/something safe from harm, injury e.t.c.
Protect
c) Going away or separating from somebody.
Parting
d) To send someone a message.
Send word
e) Wanting to do something very much regardless of difficulties.
Determined
f) Determined to do something or get something
Send for
g) Someone who enters a country by force in order to take control of It.
Invader
h) A long distance away or a long time in the past or future.
Distant
i) To become very upset and start crying.
Breakdown
j) Of great and special value
Precious
k)An officer of very high rank in the army.
Chief
l) Put a dead body in a grave.
Bury
m) Very powerful
Mighty.
C. Choose the correct option.
1) "Persia is safe as long as Rustum leads our soldiers," said
King of Persia
2) "I do not fight in single combat with anyone who is of low birth." These words are spoken by.
The challenger
3) "If you must go, I want to tell you something," said
Tanimeh
4) "Who is so rash and thoughtless that he thinks he can attack Persia?"asked
Rustum
5) "Carry me to your home and bury me there." These words are spoken by
Sohrab.
D. Match the words in column A with column B.
War cry :- a word or cry shouted in battle.
Challenger : - one who calls someone to fight.
Arts of war :-skills in use of weapons and fighting
Champion :- one who fights for or defends some other person
Swordsmanship:-Skills in the use of sword
Spirit :-Quality of courage and vigour.
Terror :-Great fear
Clasp :-Hold tightly
Amazed :-Extremely surprised
Ambition :-A strong desire for success, power or wealth
“LANGUAGE WORK”
Q. Combine the following pairs of sentences with unless.
1. Unless you run fast, you can’t catch the train
2. Unless you work hard, you can’t get a first class
3. Unless you hurry, you won’t catch the bus.
4. Unless you do as I tell you, you will regret.
5. Unless you tell me about problem, I can’t give you any solution.
Match the column A with column B.
1. If i had worked harder I would have got more marks.
2 If the driver in front had not the accident would not have stopped so suddenly happened.
3. If the weather had not been we could have gone out.
so bad,
4. If you had arrived earlier you could have seen her.
5. If you had moved the injured you might have saved his life.
to hospital immediately
6.If you had not lent me the money I would not have been able to
buy the car.
“Grammar work”
Q. Report the following sentences in the indirect.
1. She said that her father would return from Jammu the next day.
2. They said that they would die for the sake of their country.
3. The teacher said that Babar won the first battle of Panipat
4. I told him that he had made a fake statement.
5. They told us that they would play a match next day
6. I told him that I was an early riser.
7. He said that his father had died the previous year
8. She told me that the climate of that place did not suit her.
9. I told the peon that all his faults would be pardoned if he confessed them.
10. I said that I would finish my work as early as I could.
“Change into direct speech”
1. The employer said to him, "You will be dismissed if you don’t attend the office."
2. Sanjay said, “My brother met with an accident yesterday."
3. I said to him, “I may not come tomorrow."
4. The principal said, “Tomorrow will be a holiday."
5. The teacher said to us, “You are intelligent and hard working. "
ESSAY
“Educational value of newspaper”
Explosion of knowledge is a special feature of the modern age and the invention of printing press has revolutionised this concept. Newspaper has an important place in the world today. They are mightiest of the might. They are custodians of truth and human rights. They serve as the mouth piece of the public. They are the line between the people and the government.
The world is a very small unit, we cannot remain cut off from others. We have to know the latest development taking place all over the world. A newspaper touches all topics and satisfies all classes of readers statesmen, students, politicians, sportsmen, public men, travellers, cinema fans, scientists, scholars and businessmen.
Besides giving us news from all parts of the globe, the newspaper possesses a literal value. Articles by well known writers, views and reviews by able critics enlighten us. Poetry columns by renowned as well as local poets are of great interest. Choice of books depends on the individual taste of a reader and this information pertaining to books is also given in a newspaper. Intellectually enlightened personalities are always ready for feed back and queries.
Newspapers are said to be eyes and ears of the world. They no doubt report the various events that take place in the different parts of the world. They also reflect the reaction of the people. Keeping the importance of newspapers in view, the newspapers should adopt a code of conduct by which they should report news and views in an objective and impartial way.
Q: Write an application to the principal for exemption to appear in the terminal examination.
The principal
Valley institute of Quality Education
Bemina Srinagar
15th june, 2018
Sir,
Subject: Request for exemption to appear in terminal examination.
This is to bring to your kind notice that I have been down with jaundice for nearly a month. Now, I am on medical leave and have not fully recovered. The doctor has advised me complete rest for two weeks. As a result of my illness and absence from school I have been out of touch with my studies for a month. I am, therefore totally unprepared for taking the II terminal exams beginning from Ist July.
I request you to kindly exempt me from appearing in the II terminal exams. I assure you that I shall make up for the loss of studies once I recover from my illness.
Thanking you in anticipation.
Yours obediently
Q:Write a letter to bookseller complaining against missing pages in the book.
AllochaBagh
Sector 44
Srinagar , Kashmir
June 28th 2018
Kapoor brother
Lalchowk, sringar 190001
Sir
Subject:- Complaint against missing pages
Thank you very much for sending the books in response to my order dated May 22, 2017. The books sent by you are as per the order, but on checking the foundation English for 7th standard, I found pages 130-138 missing from the book. I am returning this book by registered post. Kindly replace it at the earliest.
Yours faithfully
______________
“A Lorry Accident”
Last month I had to go to Jammu to take part in the marriage ceremony of my cousin. I went to the bus stand, bought a ticket and took my seat in the lorry.
After a short while the driver started the lorry and was rushing at about twenty miles an hour. We had not gone very far when a dreadful accident took place. There was blind turn in the road, All of a sudden a car appeared from the opposite direction. Our driver sounded the horn, and tried to avoid a collision. Unfortunately he could not control the steering wheel and the lorry ran straight into the car.
The car driver was seriously injured the engine of the lorry was badly damaged the passengers became nervous. Some were seriously injured. Others jumped out of the lorry hurriedly. Fortunately there was no loss of life. In a few minutes a large crowd gathered round the spot. Everybody was deeply moved. First aid was given to injured. Later on they were taken to the nearest hospital for proper medical aid. The scene of the accident was both pitiable and fearful. Most of the lorry accidents occur because of the carelessness and rash driving or because the driver ignores the simple rules of the road. Any how I thanked God for my narrow escape.
PLAY
01.A Strange Trail
Q1:- What did Alice remember?
Ans:- Alice remembered drinking a liquid , drinking that liquid made her grow smaller. After wards she ate a cake and began to grow larger again.
Q2:- Why, according to the Gryphon were the jurymen putting down their names?
Ans:- According to Gryphon, the jurymen were writing names because they were scared that they might forget their names before the end of the trial.
Q3:- The first witness was...
Ans:- Mad Hatter was the first witness.
Q4:-Give your evidence or I will have you executed whether you’re nervous or not.
Ans:-The king of hearts says these words to mad Hatter. It means that the king will be giving orders to his soldiers to kill Hatter.
Q5:- What according to Alice, is the first wise thing that the king said that day?
Ans:-Hatter constantly goes on saying that he is a poor man but in reply the king told him that he is a poor speaker. Alice thinks that is the first wise thing the king had said that day.
Q6:- Knave denies having imitated somebody’s handwriting. What evidence does he give?
Ans:- According to his evidence, knave says that there is no name signed at the end of that paper.
Q7:- What happens when the whole pack of cards and all animals fall upon Alice?
Ans:-When the whole pack of cards and all animals fall upon Alice, she screams and tries to beat them off. They ran in different directions and finally disappeared.
Q8:- A strange trial was a dream, which Alice dreamt?
Ans:- True.
“Language work”
A. Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings.
1. Put down write down
2. Pick up take in hand
3. Send for send someone a message asking them to come
See you
4. Take off remove
5. Put on wear
6. Stare at look at something continuously
7. Hurry up make haste
8. Look at see
9. 9. fall in make a line
10. Handover give
11. Beat off defeat
12. Hit out to criticize strongly
C. Choose words from the box given in the box.
Combination or collection
A bevy of ladies
A suite of rooms
A cluster of stars
A staff of officials
A throng of people
A brood of chickens
A litter of puppies
A chest of drawers
A string of camels
A chain of mountains
D. Choose antonym of the italicised word.
1. Honesty is the best policy.
Deceit
2. The chairman initiated the proceeding with a brief speech.
Closed
3. William words worth is celebrated for his lucid style. Notorious
4. A faithful officer is always vigilant towards his duties.
Careless
Lesson no:07
Polythene: A Disaster
Working with the text
Qno9: How can we save our posterity from the harmful effects of polythene?
Ans:- We can save our posterity by completely avoiding the use of polythene. Instead of polythene, we can use the bags made of jute and cotton. In this way, we can save ourselves from the diseases and harmful effects of polythene.
“Importance Of Computers”
Professor Alkens and his team designed the 1st computer in Harward University, USA .Since then it has made lot of progress.
A computer is an electronic processing machine which works like a human brain. Speed, accuracy and storage of information are some of its special features for the first time in the history of mankind a machine has been made which adds the power to man’s brain. It is used in almost all walks of life such as agriculture, surgical operations, Medical research, banks, railway, airports, traffic controls. It is changing the Indian way of life.
A computer has three major parts input device, central processing unit and output device. A man who handles it feeds the input, it is stored by central processing and the output device reproduces the result when required.
Computers had brought automation in every field .it has increased the production and reduced the requirements for man’s power in industries and business computers have made it possible for man to do shopping while sitting at home.
Man has explored the space. It is only the development of computer. Man is close to his dream of stay in other planet. Computer can prove dangerous. This issue is discussed by scientists computer has given us superhuman powers, which we do not use properly. We are unable to manage our machine. Summing up, it may be said that computer has more advantages than disadvantages. Is has entertainment value, educative value and commercial value.
Write a letter to the transport in charge of your school complaining about fast driving of the driver of your bus
The Transport Incharge
Valley Institute Of Quality Education
Bemina srinagar
June 28th
Sir
I would like to place a complaint regarding the carelessness of the driver of bus number 02 running on Nowgam route. His driving is so rash that the little children get scared and find themselves quite unsafe in the bus. Parents had also reported the matter to the bus incharge. In spite of several warnings given by the bus in charge, he pays deaf ear to it. Therefore, I would request your good self, kindly probe into the matter and do the need full at the earliest. Yours sincerely.
________________
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