SOCIAL SCIENCE
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE-III
JAMMU AND KASHMIR BOARD OF SCHOOL EDUCATION
TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS-X

CONTENTS

SECTION-I

CHAPTER-1: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

CHAPTER-2: NATIONALISM IN INDIA

SECTION-II

CHAPTER-3 THE MAKING OF GLOBAL WORLD

CHAPTER-4 THE AGE OF INDUSTRALISATION

SECTION-III

CHAPTER-5 PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

SECTION-IV

CHAPTER-6 POST INDEPENDENCE ERA

CHAPTER-7: JAMMU AND KASHMIR ON THE PATH OF MODERNISATION

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UNIT-I

THE RISE OF NATIONAL IN EUROPE

Q1. Define Nation?

Ans: The world Nation is derived from a Latin Word “Nation” which means place race birth simple Nation means a body of people who are linked together by strong identity.

The earliest definition of Nation was first given by Ernest Rewan in 1882 A.D. According to him, “Nation is a group of people brought together by will, consciousness and common memeory”.

Q2. Give the meaning of Nationalism?

Define the term Nationalism?

Ans: Nationalism is a complex term which cannot be explained in few words. It is an abstract term. In simple words Nationalism means love, devotion and patriotic feeling towards one’s own nation. Some definitions of nationalism are as under:

1. According to Kohan, “A feeling of love and loyalty to a homeland is called nationalism”.

Q3. Discuss the factors which led to the rise of Nationalism in Europe?

Ans: Nationalism is a modern phenomenon. It emerged in the 19^th century. It was a major event in the history of world. Following are the causes for the rise Nationalism.

1. French Revolution: French Revolution played very important role in the rise of Nationalism. This Revolution sowed the second of Nationalism in Europe. The French Revolution abolished the monarchy and transferred power to people. The Revolution declared that people are the makers of nation.

The French Revolution gave the slogan of Equality, Liberty and fraternity”. It created a loved among the people for their homeland. Impressed by this Revolution all people of the world tried to defend their homeland which gave rise to Nationalism.

2. Decline of Feudalism: Feudalism was a big barrier in the way of nationalism . But with the decline of feudalism, people now tried to protect their nation on their efforts which gave rise to nationalism.

3. Rise of Middle Class: Middle class also played vital role in the rise of nationalism. Middle class included educated people, traders, artisans, businessmen, lawyers, teachers etc. This class was poetically aware and tried to save their country from autocracy and monarchy.

4. Decline of Church: Till 19^th Century Church was the dominant institution which controlled the whole life of people. But in 19^th Century with the rise of Renaissance, Enlightenment Movement, people show the blind faith and raised banner of revolt against the Church in the name of nation. This also give rise to nationalism.

5. Imperialism: In 19^th May big countries had controlled vast lands. They exploited the economic resources of colonies and looted their homeland which gave rise to nationalism.

Q4. Write a short note on Giuseppe Mazzini?

Discuss the contribution or role of Mazzini in the unification of Italy?

Ans: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian politician, journalist and nationalist. He played very important role in the unification of Italy.

Mazzini was born in Geno in 1807 A.D. His father’s name was Giacomo Mazzini and his mother was Maria Dragon Mazzini is called, “Beating Heart of Italy” from his childhood, he was influenced by the nationalist movement in Italy. He wanted to unite Italy and free it from Austria. For this purpose he founded “Young Italy” in 1831 A.D . The main purpose of this organization was to prepare the youth of Italy for national cause. It also another aim was to unity and independence of Italy.

Mazzini and his young Italy made great contribution to the unification of Italy. It create spirit self-confidence among the Italian people. It also creates feeling of nationalism any the people of Italy.

Q5. Write a short note on count camillo de Cavour.

Discuss the contribution of Cavour to the unification of Italy?

Ans: Count camillo Cavour played a vital role in the unification and independence of Italy . He was born in 1810 in Turin. He visited England and studied the parliamentary government so he wanted to establish parliamentary government in Italy.

In 1847, “Cavour started the population of a newspaper called the “II Risorgimento” In 1850 A.D. he became the Finance Minister of sardine-piedmont. He was of the view that economic progress, powerful army and foreign help is very important for the unification of Italy.

To achieve these aims Cavour made efforts to encourage trade. He established new banks, imposed tax on the land of Church. He raised a well trained army of 90,000. He boundaries of Italy were making France and England his friend. Due to their help the succeeded in overthrowing Austria from Italy.

Q6. Write a short note on the Greek war of Independence.

Discuss the growth of Nationalism in Greek?

Discuss the struggle of Greece against Ottoman or Turkish Empire in 19^th Century.

Discuss the process Greek Independence?

Ans: The Greek war of Independence is a major event in the history of world. Greece was a part of Turkish Empire science 15^th century. The people of Greek wanted to out the Turkish rule from Greece.

The French Revolution aroused the feeling of nationalism among the people on Greece, The Greeks started their freedom struggle in 1821 A.D .It began will the revolt of Ali Pasha. And Moldavia. But these revolts were easily suppressed by Turkish rules.

In 1827 A.D. France, Russia and England decided to free Greece from the Ottoman Empire with the help of these countries endence in 1832 A.D . The Greece was declared independence in the Treaty of Conslantipole. On January 27,1833 Prince Otto entered Greece as the first ruler of Independence Greece.

Q7. Write a short note on Frankfurt –Parliament?

Ans: To unite Germany and Frame and frame a constitution for united Germany, a parliament met at Frankfurt (a city in Paris) on 18 May 1848 A.D. It is known a Frankfurt parliament.

It was a good effort of the nationalists of Germany. The Frankfurt Parliament was consisted of about 550. Henrich von Gagren was elected its president. These included professors, journalists, doctors, lawyers etc. They want to draft a constitution for Germany headed by king . Their main was to establish equality and rule of law. This parliament proposed the unification of Germany under the king of Russia. But the king of Russia constitutional monarch and declaimed the offer. Thus Frankfurt parliament failed in its aim.

Q8. Write a short note on the role of woman in nationalist struggle?

Ans: In all nationalist struggles woman played a vital role. According to professor Fay, “Woman are the mothers of nation”. In France, Germany , Italy, India women took part in the nationalist struggles.

Women gave psychological support to their men in freedom struggles. They formed their own political clubs and associations. They also demined the political rights like right of equality, right freedom, right to vote etc.

In India women gave active support to Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience movement.

Q9. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?

Describe any four measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective density amongst French people?

Ans: Following steps were taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.

1. A new French flag the tricolor was chosen for the Nation.

2. New national songs were composed

3. The slogan of “Liberty, equality and fraternity” was given.

4. The concept of “Fatherland” and “The citizen” were emphasized.

5. The National Assembly was formed to mage the state affairs.

6. A centralized system was set up to formulate uniform laws for all citizens.

7. All custom duties were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.

Q10. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?

Ans: Marianne was the symbol of French nation gives the idea of a people’s nation. It is the symbol which was used by the artists to represent the nation of France. In order to create the feeling of nationalism among the people, status of Marianne were created on public places. The images of Marianne were marked on coins and stamps as well.

In Germany, Germania became the allegory of German nation. In visual representations, she is shown wearing a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

Q11.Brifly trace the process of German unification?

Describe the process of the unification of Germany?

Explain the contribution of Otto Von Bismarck in German unification?

Ans: The different stages that led to the final unification of Germany are given below. Otto von Bismarck played a very important role in the unification of Germany.

1. First Stage: In the first stage, the nationalists of Germany tried to frame a constitution for united Germany. This is called the Frankfurt failed.

2. The Second Stage: In the next stage Otto von Bismarck followed the policy of “Blood and iron” policy to unite Germany In 1864 Bismarck fought war against Denmark and took control of Schleswig.

3. The Third Stage: Bismarck wanted to complete the unification of Germany by ousting Austria from Germany. In 1866 A.D. Prussia defeated Austria and annexed Hanover, Holstein, Luvmberg, Frankfurt etc.

4. The Fourth Stage: In 1870 A.D Prussia defeated France in another war and occupied Alace and Lorraine. Thus, Germany was unified and in 1871 A.D William I was declared as the Emperor of Germany.

Q12.Define Liberalism?

Ans: The world “Liberalism” is derived from a Latin world. “Liberalis” which means “free man” . This word was used for the first time by the supporters of Spanish constitution in 1812 A.D.

Liberalism is an ideology which stood for the freedom of an individual . It believes that man should be free in all spheres of life.

According to Prof. Laski. “Liberalism is directly related to freedom”.

LONG ANSWERS QUESTIONS

Q1. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?

Discuss the Revolution of 1848 of Liberals?

Ans: Actually Liberals are the people who wanted freedom of individual . In 1848 started revolution liberals broke out in many countries like France, Germany, Poland , Italy, They wanted to establish constitutional and parliamentary government and national unification. The liberals were consisted of professionals, doctors, lawyers, businessmen etc.

Political ideals of Liberals:

1. Liberals wanted to establish democratic system of Government.

2. Liberals advocated the natural rights of man.

3. Liberals believed that powers should vested in the hands of people.

4. Liberals were against despotic rulers.

5. Liberals wanted to establish equality before law.

Economic Ideas of Liberals:

a. Liberals wanted to abolish the restricti89ons of state on movement of goods and capitals.

b. Liberals wanted free-trade policy

c. Liberals wanted no interference of state in economic sphere of an individual

d. Liberals wanted uniform system weighs and measures

Social Ideas of Liberals:

a. Liberals were in favour of social equality.

b. Liberals wanted that man should have scientific and secular outlook.

c. Liberals were against social discrimination.

Q2. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered.

“Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient”. Support the statement.

Ans: There is no denying of the fact that Napoleon destroyed democracy in France but the introduced many administrative changes. The Civil Code of 1804 and usually known as the Napoleon Code introduced many administrative reforms.

i. All privileges based birth were abolished and equality before the law was established

ii. The right to property was recognized.

iii. Napoleon abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom.

iv. Transport and communication systems were improved.

v. Guild restrictions were removed.

vi. Peasants, artisans, workers, businessmen were given freedom in their own spheres.

vii. Weights and measures were standardizes and a common currency was introduced.

Q3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.

Ans: That nineteenth century saw the rise of nationalism in countries of Europe. Here we shall focus on Belgium and Poland.

1. Belgium: By the settlement of Vienna, Belgium was annexed to Holland so that a powerful state could set up in north-east borders of France. The people of Belgium suffered untold miseries so there was a great discontentment among them against this unnatural union between the two countries which had nothing in common. Their demand for a separate constitution was refused by King William. The July Revolution of 1830 raised the spirit of the Belgians. They rose in revolt and fought for three days with the royal troops sent to suppress them and proclaimed their independence on November 10,1830 A.D. The Prime Minister of England, Lord Palmerstone, had sympathy with Belgium. He summoned a conference of important European countries in London in1831 A.D In this conference England, France , Russia, Prussia and Austria recognized the independence of Belgium.

2. Poland: The Vienna Congress divided the kingdom of Poland among Austria, Russia and Prussia. The Czar of Russia. Alexander I, Carved out an independent kingdom of Poland and himself became its ruler. Being inspired by the July Revolution of 1830, the Poles raised a standard of revolt but Russian Army smashed their movement ruthlessly, Similarly, the revolt of the Poles in 1848 A.D, was also crushed with an iron hand. The accession of Alexander II, in 1855 A.D aroused the hopes of the Poles and they revolted in 1863 A.D. No European country came forward to help the Poles and they were badly defeated. Poles never revolted again to claim their freedom.

Q4. Why did nations list tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Explain any three causes of conflict in the Balkan areas after 1871.

Ans:

1. The majority of the people of the Balkan states were, however, Christians. This Muslim who were the ruling class oppressed them in many ways.

2. By the beginning of the 19^th century, the Turkish Empire became very weak and came to be known as the “Sickman of Europe” .This encouraged the Balkan people who were mostly Christians.

3. The Fresh Revolution and the Napoleonic wars inspired the feelings of nationalism among them and they clamored for independence.

4. At the same time, there was a clash of interests among the big powers in the Balkans Russia wanted to control the Black Sea but England could not tolerate it. On the other hand. Austria wanted to expand her empire by annexing the Balkan territories . Thus this knotty problem of the Balkan states or the so-called ‘Eastern Question’ gave birth too many wars.

Q5. How was the history of the development of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

Ans: There is no denying the fact that the development of nationalism in Britain was unlike the rest of Europe. In most of the European countries like Spain, Belgium, Poland, Austria, France etc. the rise of nationalism was liked with upheavals or revolutions. But in Britain, the formation of state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long draw out process.

It was the English Parliament, which had snatched power from the English monarch James II in 1688, which became instrumental in establishing a nation state with English at the centre.

As a result of the Act of Union between England and Scotland in 1701, England and Scotland were united in 1701 and the result was the creation of Great Britain.

Another step towards nationalism was taken in 1800 when by another Act of the Parliament, the Irish Act of Union, Great Britain and Ireland were united and the new state came to be known as United Kingdom. The Napoleonic attack on England was averted because of the Union of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Q6. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.

Ans: The development of nationalism did not come about only though wars and territorial aspirations but by many other factors as well. The ‘Young Italy’ with Garibaldi as his companion, to make efforts towards the uniform Italy. He inspired the youths of not only Italy but of whole Europe to fight for freedom. In the revolution of 1848, he reached Rome to secure its freedom from the Papal occupation. Such a thing encouraged all the countries of Europe to get rid of the Papal or religious domination. Though Mazzini and his ‘Youth Italy’ failed to achieve unification, yet they had filled the minds of the people with such sentiments that Cavour was able to achieve the unification of Italy without much difficulty . By his efforts, he encouraged all the people of Europe to sacrifice all for the freedom of their own countries.

Q7. Identify Garibaldi, telling the part played by him in the unification of Italy?

Ans: Garibaldi .He is known as the ‘Physical Force’ or the ‘Sword of Italy’. He with Mazzini. Launched the ‘Youth Italy’ movement for the unification of Italy. He involved the Sardinian sailors to revolt in 1835 A.D. which action, however failed. In 1848 A.D he along with Mazzini, overthrow the Papal authority over Rome and declared it to republic. In 1860 A.D His ‘Red Shirt’ troops defeated Garibaldi’s contribution to achieve the unification of Italy is also unforgettable.

MULTIPLE QUESTIONS

Q1. In which one of the following events, we see the clear expression of nationalism?

(a) Glorious Revolution (b) The French Revolution of 1789

Ans: (b) The French Revolution of 1879

Q2. The Civil Code of 1804 of France is generally known with which name?

(a) The French Code (b) The Napoleonic Cod

Ans: (b) The Napoleonic Code

Q3. The Habsburg Empire ruled over which area?

(a) Denmark (b) Sewdan

Ans: (d) Austria Hungry

Q4. Where did the industrialization first begin in Europe?

(a) U.S.A (b) England

Ans: (b) England

Q5. Who were the two architects of the Unification of Germany?

(a) The Prussian Chancellor Bismarck

(b) The Prussian King William I

(d) The German Ken Frederick the Great

Ans: (a) The Prussian Chancellor Bismarck and

(b) The Prussian King William I

Q6. Who were the amongst the following the architects of the Unification of Italy?

(a) Mazzini . Garibaldi etc. (b) Napoleon III

Ans: (a) Mazzini, Garibaldi etc. and

(c) King Victor Emmanuel-II of Sardinia.

Q7. What is meant by the Ottoman Empire?

(a) The empire established by the Czar (b) The empire established by Hitler

Ans: (c) The empire established by Turkey

Q8. Which of the following countries made the Balkan Problems all the more complicated?

(a) Russia (b) Germany

Ans: (a) Russia and (b) Germany

Q9. Which one of the following statements is false regarding the Act of Union 1701?

(a) It was an agreement between England and Scotland

(b) It was an agreement between England and Ireland

(d) It gave England control over Scotland

Ans: (b) It was an agreement between England and Ireland

Q10. Which one of the following statements is false regarding the Zollverein formed in 1834?

(a) She was named Marianne

(b) She took part in the French Revolution

(d) Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic

Ans: (b) She took part in the French Revolution

Q11. Which one of the following states was ruled by an Italian house before unification of Italy?

(a) Kingdom of two Sicilies (b) Lombardy

Ans: (d) Sardinia Piedmont

Q12. Who, among the following formed a secret society, called “Young Italy”?

(a) Dictatorship (b) Military

Ans: (d) Monarchy

Q14. Who among the following , hosted the Congress at Vienna in 1815?

(a) King of Netherlands (b) Giuseppe Mazzini

Ans: (c) Duke Metternich

Q15. Which one of the following is true about the ‘Treaty of Constantinople’ of 1832?

(a) It recognized Turkey as an independent nation

(b) It recognized Greece as an independence nation

(d) It recognized France as an independent nation

Ans: (b) It recognized Greece as an independence nation

UNIT-II

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

Q1. Why growth of nationalism in colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?

Discuss how colonialism gave birth to nationalism in colonies

Ans: The emergence of nationalism in colonies was a reaction against the colonialism and colonial rulers.

The growth of nationalism is linked to anti-colonial movement because of following reasons.

a. This is because the colonial powers exploit the people of their colonies. They looted the natural resources of colonies. This created great anger among the people of colonies and they get united to overthrow the colonial powers.

b. The colonial powers imposed heavy taxes and revenues on the people of colonies the colonial powers which gave rise to nationalism

c. The colonial powers followed social policy. They insulted the people together against colonial powers.

d. The colonial rulers adopted methods of cheating, violence, killing etc. this also united the people against colonial powers.

Q2. Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?

Explain the reaction the Indian people Rowlatt Act?

Why Indian people opposed Rowlatt Act?

Ans: In order to suppress the voice of Indian people, British Government passed an Act in 1919 which is known as Rowlatt Act.

According to this Act anybody could be arrested without any reason and cause. As per this anybody could be arrested and taken to unknown place.

The people India turned against this Act and considered it as “Black Bill”. The people turned against this because it was seam as a method of suppression. It was seam Indians a black law.

Q3. What is meant by Gandhian-Irwin Pact?

Ans: Gandhian –Irwin Pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin on 5^th March 1931 A.D. According to this pact Gandhi withdraw the Civil Disobedience Movement and British Government promised to release all political prisoners.

Q4. What is meant by the Idea of Satyagraha?

Explain four points about Gandhiji’s idea of ‘Satyagraha’?

Ans:

i. Satyagraha was a novel method of truth and non-violence which Mahatma Gandhi adopted in his struggle against racial regime of South Africa and the unjust actions of the British Government in India.

ii. According to Gandhi , If your cause is just and true, you are bound to succeed in the end without resorting to violent means.

iii. Thus dharna or non-violence was successfully used by Mahatma Gandhi time and again.

iv. He adopted Satyagraha in 1916 in Champaran district of Bihar to help the peasants against the unjust plantation owners.

v. He adopted Satyagraha again in 1917 in Kheda district of Gujarat to help the peasants from paying heavy land revenue, especially when their crops had failed.

vi. In 1981, he organized the Satyagraha movement in Ahmadabad in favour of the cotton mill-workers. Everywhere he proved successful in helping the oppressed people without resorting to violence.

Q5. Why was the Simon Commission boycotted by the Indians? Give two reasons?

Ans: Simon Commission: In November 1927, the British Government appointed the Simon Commission to look into the working of the Act of 1919 or Montague-Chelmsford Reforms and to suggest changes, if necessary. This commission was headed by a London Barrister named Sir John Simon so it is generally known as the Simon Commission. This Commission-comprising of seven members arrived in India in 1928 A.D but everywhere it was boycotted by the Indian people.

Q6. How did the First World War help in the growth of the National Movement in India?

Explain any three facts about the new economic situations created by the ‘First World War’?

Ans: The First World War (1914-1918) was a great event in world history. It created many problems for the Indians, especially in the economic field, which ultimately led to the growth of National Movement in India in a number of ways:

1. The First World War led to huge increase in the defense expenditure. So the British Government increased the taxes, custom duties and introduced the income tax. All such measures which created a great many economic problems for the people were greatly resented by them and they thought of liberating their country from the foreign yoke.

2. Again throughout the war years, prices of almost every article increased which caused much economic hardships to the common people and naturally they were drawn towards the National Movement.

3. The forced recruitment in rural areas created an upheaval in the India society resulting in a widespread anger among the people because their agriculture were disrupted and hunger and death began to take a heavy toll of their lives.

4. This war was between England and Germany and their partners but India was also made a party to this war. This thing was greatly resented by the people.

Q7. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?

Why did Gandhiji call off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922?

Ans: The3 Non-Co-operation Movement was going at its full speed when Gandhiji withdraw it in 1922 A.D . The reasons for the same are as follows.

1. Mahatma Gandhi was a staunch follower of Ahimsa and non-violence but when in 1922, the people burnt down the police station at Chauri Chaura in U.P, where 22 policemen were burnt alive, he was simply stunned. He felt he would no longer be able to direct the Non-Cooperation Movement on the peaceful lines as was desired by him. So he called off this movement in 1922 A.D.

2. Secondly, the Mahatma felt that if the movement was allowed to become violent then the Government would also follow the policy of repression and let loose the reign of terror in which thousands of people would be killed mercilessly. Thus the Mahatma did not want to repeat the experience of Jallianwala Bagh tragedy so he called off the movement in 1922 A.D.

Q8. Complete the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.

Ans: All over the world, the artists have the tendency to show abstract ideas in the shape of human figures and male or female. In the 19^th century allegories (symbols) were used by the artists to represent a nation or a country.

Germane: In Germany, Germania became the symbol of the German nation. In visual representation. She is shown as wearing a crown of oak leaves as German Oak stands for heroism.

Bharat Mata: In this country too the identity of India, is virtually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Different authors have shown the Bharat Mata in the female figure which were quite different to each other. For instance, Ravindernath Tagore painted Bharat Mata as an ascetic figure. She is calm composed, divine and spiritual.

In the subsequent years the figure of Bharat Mata acquired many forms. In another, she is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant and both symbols of power and authority. In this and other painting devotion to Bharat Mata came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q1. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement. Then choose and three and write about their hopes and struggle to why they joined the movement?

Ans: In the Non-Cooperation Movement, the following social groups took part.

a. Middle class people in the towns

b. Peasants in rural areas

c. Tribal people.

Plantation Worker:

These social group joined it because of following reasons:

1. The Middle class in cities took part in this movement because they felt it foreign goods were boycotted, the sale of their textiles would go up.

2. The peasants in the country side join in this movement. They had joined in this movement because they hoped that they would be saved from both the taxes of the British Government.

3. Plantation workers also joined in this movement because they hoped that they would move freely in and outside the plantation.

Q2. Discuss the salt March to make clear why it want an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism?

Write a short note on Dandi March and what is the important of Dandi March ion freedom struggle of India?

Ans: Dandi March occupies very importance place in the freedom struggle of India? Gandhiji started his Civil Disobedience Movement with Dandi March on March 12,1930. Gandhiji started his Dandi, (a small village on the western coast of Gujarat) with his 78 followers. He reached Dandi on April 5, 1930 and on 6^th April borke the salt law.

The Salt March or Dandi March proved an effective symbol of resistance against the colonialism because of following reasons:

1. Salt is the most necessary article of the food, it is every body consumption . By taking the issue Gandhiji got the support from all sections of people.

2. The government had doubled the tax on salt. By taking the salt issue, Gandhi succeeds in making aware people about the true nature of British government.

3. Over the whole Journey, thousands of people came daily to hear Mahatma Gandhi who told them the meaning of ‘Sawaraj’.

4. To break any law was a direct challenge of British Government.

Q3. Why political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?

Ans: The political leaders differed over the question of separate electorates because of the following reason.

a. The congress leaders opposed to separate electorates because they it the conspiracy of British to divide the people on the issue of separate electorates.

b. The Muslim leaders Mr. Jinnah asked for separate electorates to safeguard the interest of the Muslim.

c. The leaders of depressed classes. Dr. R. Ambedkar also asked for separate electorates, because he thought that there is dominance of Hindu caste in joint electorates.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1. When was the Indian National Congress formed?

(a) In 1882 (b) In 1883

Ans: (d) In 1885

Q2. Who was the president of its first session?

(a) Dadabhai Naoroji (b) Surendernath Banerjee

Ans: (c) W.C. Bannerjee

Q3. Why is the date 13^th April, 1919 famous in Indian history?

a. It was on this date that Minto Morley were passed.

b. It was on this date that the Quit India Resolution was passed.

c. It was on this date that Jallianwala bagh tragedy took place.

d. It was on this date that the INA was founded.

Ans (c) It was on this date that Jallianwala bagh tragedy took place.

Q4. Name the leader who sacrificed his life while boycotting the Simon commission?

(a) Raj Guru (b) Bhagat Singh

Ans: (d) Lala Lajpat Rai

Q5. Why did Gandhiji withdraw the non co-operation movement?

(a) Gandhiji realized that people were losing interest in the movement.

(b) Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent in many places.

councils.

(d) Some congress leaders wanted more radical mass agitations

Ans: (b) Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent in many places.

Q6. In which one of the following Indian national Congress sessions, the idea of Non-Cooperation of Movement was accepted?

(a) Lahore session (b) Nagpur session

Ans: (b) Nagpur session

Q7. Mahatma Gandhi organized a satyagraha in support of cotton mill workers of Ahmedabad in which of the following years?

(a) 1916 (b) 1917

Q8. Who among the following composed ‘Vande Matram’?

(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Rabindra Nath Tagore

Ans: (d) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Q9. Who, among the following created the first image of Bharat Mata?

(a) Ravindra Nath Tagore (b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Ans: (c) Rabanindra Nath Tagore

Q10. In which of the following Indian national Congress sessions, the demand of ‘Puran Swasraj’ was formalized?

(a) Nagpur session (b) Lahore session

Ans: (b) Lahore session

Q11. Which one of the following agreements gave reserved seats to ‘Depressed classes’ in provincial and central legislative councils?

(a) Lucknow pact (b) Gandhi Irwan pact

Ans: (c) Poona pact

UNIT-III

THE RISE OF GLOBAL WORLD

Q1. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern period helped in the colonization of the America?

Ans: The Spanish and the Portuguese were the first Europeans to conquer America. Scholars hold the view that their conquest was not only as a result of their superior fire power but it was also due to the germs of disease like small pox which they took with them. The germs of small pox brought by the Europeans to Americas spread deep into American continent, killed and decimated some whole communities because American’s original inhabitants had not immunity against germs particularly of small pox.

Q2. Write a short note on explaining the effects of the British Government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.

What is meant by Corn Laws, why British government abolish Corn Laws?

Write a short note on Corn Laws?

Ans: The laws passed by the British parliament in the 19^th century to restrict and control the movement of food items were known as ‘Corn Laws’. Under the pressure of the landed groups, the British parliament restricted the imports of corn so that the agricultural class and its interests might be protected. Import of cheap corns into England would have ruined the cultivators.

But as result of such a step, the prices of food items went up many times so the British Government was forced by the general public, especially the industrialists and urban dwellers to abolish the Corn Laws.

The abolition of the Corn Laws had far reaching effects:

i. Food items became cheaper than it could be produced within the country.

ii. British agriculture was unable to complete with foreign imports and as a result the agriculture class was hardly hit and ruined.

iii. As a result, vast areas of land were left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work.

iv. Such people flocked to cities or migrated to other countries.

Q3. Write a short note on-The Coming of Rinderpest to Africa.

Describe briefly the effects of Rinderpest in Africa in the 1890’s?

Ans: Rinderpest was a fatal animal disease which arrived in Africa in the late 1880s.

i. As a result of this fatal disease, about 90% of the cattle in Africa died

ii. Completely impoverished and broken the Africans were forced into the labour market.

iii. the loss of cattle destroyed livelihood of many Africans

iv. Under such a devastation of the Africans and their resources, the European colonies were able to easily conquer and subdue Africa.

Q4. Write a short note on-The Great Depression on the Indian Economy?

Ans: The world-wide economic crisis of 1929-1933 is generally known as the Great depression of 1929-1933. It had a far reaching affect on the Indian economy.

i. The Great Depression adversely affected the Indian trade. India’s exports and imports were nearly halved between 1929 and 1934.

ii. The Jute procedures of Bengal were hardly hit by this depression. The price of raw Jute fell by 60% and with a result, the Jute growers fell under debt deeper and deeper.

iii. Farmers and peasants suffered the most as compared to city dwellers. Though the prices fell, the British Government refused to reduce their various demands.

iv. Starting of the Civil Disobedience Movement by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 was the direct result of this Great Depression because then rural India was see thing with unrest.

Q5. Write a short note on and the decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries?

Write a short note on multinational companies. What was their impact on Asian Countries?

Ans: MNCs are multinational companies which, invest money in different countries. From the late 1970’s they began to shift production operations to low wage Asian countries. MNC’s took the decision to relocate production to Asian countries because of following reasons.

1. Because in Asian countries there was cheap labour available

2. In these countries there was abundance of rough material.

3. In these countries these companies had a good market.

4. In order to save expenditure on transportation

IMPACT ON ASIAN COUNTRIES

Such a thing or decision had a far reaching impact.

i. Such a decision increased the job opportunities in the Asian Countries and to a great extent they helped in solving the unemployment problem.

ii. These MNCs helped the Asian countries to come out of the former colonial powers.

iii. The coming of MNCs in Asian countries enabled the people to enjoy new varieties’ of things which they began to manufacture in bulk in these Asian countries.

iv. These multinational companies by their relocation of industry to low-wage countries of Asia stimulated world trade and capital flow.

v. they proved a great help to the true beginning of globalization.

Q6. Give two examples to show the import of technology and food availability?

Ans: Technology or new inventions like railways, steam shipping and telegraph etc. along with refrigerated ships had a great impact on food availability.

i. Improvement in transport-Faster railways, lighter wagons and large ships helped in moving food more quickly and more cheaply far farms to final markets.

ii. The refrigerated ships greatly helped the transport of perishable foods to long distances especially it greatly facilitated the shipment of meat from America to different European countries. Meat was considered as an expensive luxury beyond the reach of the European Poor but as a result of the refrigerated ships, meat became a common food of European people.

iii. Due to the technology food crisis were solved.

Q7. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?

Ans: The Bretton Woods Agreement was signed between the world powers in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, U.S.A. This conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The two institutions are also called twins .Bretton Wood’s Agreement. These were established to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world.

Under this system or agreement, the national currencies followed the fixed exchange rates and were pegged to the US dollars. This system led to the growth of trade and incomes for the Western industrial nations and Japan . There was also world wide spread of technology and enterprise.

Q8. What steps were taken by the Europeans to push the Africans in the Labour Market?

Ans: The Europeans followed the following methods to push the Africans in the labour market:

i. Heavy taxes were imposed on them which could be paid only by working for wage on plantations and mines.

ii. Inheritance laws were so changed that only one member of the family could inherit land. Naturally the other members of the family were pushed to the labour market.

iii. Mine workers were enclosed in compounds and not allowed to move outside freely.

iv. Renderpest, a fatal animal disease, also came to the help of the Europeans. This disease, which came from British Asia along with the Asian animals, spread like wild fire in the whole Africa and killed 90% of the cattle. This fatal disease destroyed the livelihoods of many Africans who were thus forced into the labour market.

Q9. Explain any three problems faced by the Indian Cotton weavers by the turn of the 19^th century?

What causes led to the decline of the Indian textiles?

Ans:

i. The industrial revolution first occurred in England as a result of which England stopped all imports of textiles from India.

ii. Due to Industrial Revolution British goods were came in Indian market with machine-made cloth which was cheaper and more attractive

iii. While heavy taxes were imposed on the export of Indian textiles, the British textiles and their imports into India were left duty free.

iv. The East Indian Company bought almost all the cotton from the Indian bazaars and sent to England to feed the cotton factories there. Very little cotton as a raw material was left for the Indian textile Industries.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. Explain the three types of movement of flows within international economic exchange . Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians and write short account of it.

Ans: Three Types of Movements or Flows within International economic exchange.

Economic name three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange.

i. The first is the flow of trade, which in the 19^th century, mainly refers to trade in goods especially cloth or wheat.

ii. The second flow is the flow of labour which results in the migration of labour from one part of the world to the other in search of employment.

iii. The third flow or movement is that of capital either for short term investment or long term investment in foreign countries.

Examples of the Involvement of Indians in Each Type of Flow:

i. In the 19^th century, hundreds of thousands of Indian labours went to work `on plantations, and mines and in road and railway construction projects around the world.

ii. During the British period. India saw a lot of the flow of capital in the country when the Europeans set up many tea plantations in the country.

Q2. Explain the causes of Great Depression?

Ans: There was a world-wide economic crisis in 1929 which in many countries continued up to 1934. It started in the U.S.A but soon it engulfed many countries of the world except Russia. Some of its causes were the following.

i. The First World War (1914-1918) had given a great boost to the American industry. But after the war when its industries continued producing different articles at the breakneck speed, there was a glut in the market. As a reslt, USA was caught in a server economic crisis.

ii. As a result the American capitalist stopped all loans to the European countries thus halting all production there.

iii. The sudden stoppage of American capital caused an unprecedented economic crisis there.

iv. The defeat of Germany in the First World War had already ruined her and her industry. So she became an easy victim of the economic crisis.

v. Last but not the least , the labour saving machines and the abundances of agriculture products was also responsible for the economic depression in Europe.

Q3. What were the results of the economic Crisis of 1929-1934?

Ans: The economic crisis of 1929-1934 had far reaching effects on U.S.A .Europe and other parts of the world. It was a catastrophic event for the U.S.A because it adversely affected U.S.A in many ways.

1. The economic depression led to the destruction of the economic conditions of the capitalist countries of Europe and the U.S.A.

2. There was a great fall in the industrial production as the demand for goods of all types also fell.

3. Unemployment rose very high and world unemployment doubled. There were 5 to 10 crores of unemployed persons in the world.

4. There was a great fall in the living standard of the people in all parts of the world.

5. The economic depression resulted in poverty. Many people became poor and led a miserable life.

6. Agriculture prices fell in many countries.

Q4. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries? In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods Twins?

Ans: G-77 Countries: G-77 were a group of developing countries in the late 20^th century to demand a New International Economic Order (NIEO)

G-77 as a Reaction to the Activities of Bretton Woods Twins: In order to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world, most of the developed countries signed a Breton Woods Agreement in New Hampshire. U.S.A . As a result of this conference, two institutions were established and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the world bank which are sometimes called Bretton Wood Twins.

As a result of these two institutions, the Western Industrial nations increased their trade and incomes between 1950 and 1970 . But most of the developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth witnessed by the Western economics. As a reaction against these disparities and against the activities of the Bretton Woods Twins-i.e. IMF and the World Bank, the developing countries organized themselves into a group known as G-77 . They demanded the establishment of a new international economic order (NIEO) by which they could achieve their aims and objectives in the economic field.

i. By establishing the new system they hoped to get control over their natural resources.

ii. More assistance in their development

iii. Fair prices for raw materials

iv. Better access for their manufactured goods in the markets of the developed countries.

Q5. Describe the trade in African slaves from 17^th century to 19^th century. How was slavery ultimately abolished?

Ans: Slavery and Slave Trade: Selling and buying human beings as cattle is termed as slavery. This trade in human beings was introduced by the Portuguese, in the late fifteenth century. They themselves or their agents, would attack the coastal villages of Africa and sell the captive Africans, as slaves in the world market especially to America.

Abolition of Slavery: This hateful trade in slaves went on till the middle of the 19^th century. The English, too , followed the Portuguese in this respect. But gradually the humans revolted against this trade. The American president Abrahim Lincoln did a meritorious job by abolishing slavery in America by passing laws, where it was declared that slaves were free citizens with no bonds and have equal rights.

Q6. Imagine that you are in indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in the chapter, write a letter to you family describing your life and feelings.

Ans: No Indian indentured labourers would relish living in the Carribean Island including myself because of the following facts.

i. They promised me a return travel to India after five years but they have not fulfilled their promise.

ii. The agents, because of their commission, provided me false information about my final destination, models of travel, the nature of work and living and working conditions.

iii. I was not even told that I was to embark upon a long sea voyage.

iv. On my arrival in the Caribbean , Island , I was made to work in a plantation, where the conditions were quite different from what I had imagined.

v. Living and working conditions here are quite harsh and there are very few legal rights.

vi. Once I tried to escape into the wilds but I was caught and given severe punishment.

vii. In short the conditions here are unbearable and I want to return to India.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1. Name one people who did not contribute in making the human societies more interlinked?

(a) Travellers (b) Traders

Ans: (c) Imperialists

Q2. Who were the First European to conquer America?

(a) The French (b) The Portuguese

Ans: (b) The Portuguese and (c) The Spanish

Q3. What were the Corn Laws?

(a) They were passed by the British Government to restrict the import of corn.

(b) They were passed by the British Government to restrict the export of corn.

(d) They were passed by the America to import corn other countries.

Ans: (a) They were passed by the British Government to restrict the import of corn.

Q4. Which one of the following countries did not try to expand food production to meet the British demand?

(a) Eastern Europe (b) Russia

Ans: (d) Japan

Q5. Upto the 18^th Century, which two countries among the following were the richest countries of the world?

(a) India (b) Turkey

Ans: (a) India and (b) China

Q6. Which new invention made it possible to transport perishable foods over long distances?

(a) Gun Powder (b) Refrigerated Ship

Ans: (b) Refrigerated Ship

Q7. Where was the Chutney music popular?

(a) China (b) Japan

Ans: South America states of Trinidad and Guyana.

Q8. What is Rinderpest?

(a) A cattle disease in Africa (b) A cattle disease in China

Ans: (a) A cattle disease in Africa

Q9. Which one of the following countries was a part of the Allies in the First World War (1914-1916)?

(a) Britain (b) France

Ans: (d) Japan

Q10. Which one country was not a part of Central Powers in the First World War?

(a) Germany (b) Austria-Hungry

Ans: (d) U.S.A

Q11.When did the Great Depression begin?

(a) In 1929 (b) In 1930

Ans: (a) In 1929

Q12.Which one country was not a par of the Axis Powers in the Second World War (1939-1945)?

(a) Russia (b) Germany

Ans: (b) Russia

Q13.Which one country was not a part of the Allies Powers in the Second World War?

(a) Great Britain (b) France

Ans: (c) Germany

Q14.In which one of the following years Great Depression occurred in the world?

(a) 1929-30 (b) 1935-36

Ans: (a) 1929-30

Q15.Which one of the following groups of the countries was known as the Central Powers in Europe?

(a) Germany, Russian and France

(b) Russia, Germany and Britain

(d) None of the above

Ans: (c) Germany, Austria-Hungry and Ottoman-Turkey

Q16.Globalization does not involve which one o f the following?

(a) Rapid integration between countries

(b) More goods and services moving between countries

(d)

Ans: (c) Increased taxes on imports

UNIT-IV

THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION

Q1. Explain the meaning of the term ‘Industrial Revolution’?

Ans: ‘Industrial Revolution’ stands for production with the help of machines . It is a condition in which production is produced with the help of machines. It first occurred in England in mid 18^th century.

Q2. In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. Explain.

Ans: The Industrial Revolution took place in Europe in the 18h century. Before that in the 17^th century, the new European merchants had to face many problems in setting up their industries in the towns. So they set up their business in the countryside and began to employ peasants and artisans within the villages. The following causes enabled them to set their industries in the countryside and avoid different problem.

i. Because of the great demand of goods with the expansion of trade, the merchants wanted to expand their production. But they could not do so because in the towns, the different trade and craft guilds were very powerful. They cold create many problems for the merchants in the town.

ii. Rulers had granted different guilds the monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products, so merchants were handicapped in towns.

iii. In the countryside, the poor peasants and artisans were ready to work for the merchants because with the loss of the open lands as a result of the Enclosure Movement, they were left with no alternative source of income of survive.

Q3. Explain what is meant by proto-industrialization?

Ans: Proto-industrialization means the existence of industries before the factory system. Even before Industrial revolution in England and Europe, there was large scale industrial production for the international market. This production was not based on factories. Such a phase of Industrialization before the appearance of the factories is referred to as proto-industrialization by many historians.

In the urban areas, there were craft guilds which produced a variety of things much before introduction of machined.

Likewise in the rural areas, the merchants had set up their own products units where most of the work was done by hand by the workers or labourers in their family-farms and no in factories.

Q4. Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny, Explain?

Ans: Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demands. By the use of this machine, a single worker could make a number of spindles and spin several threads at a time. It simply meant that as a result of this machine, many weavers would lose their jobs and became unemployed.

It was this fear of unemployed which made women workers, who survived on hand spinning, began attacking the new machine, known as the spinning Jenny . This conflict continued for as long time.

Q5. The Port of Seurat declined by the end of the eighteenth century. Explain?

Ans: The Port of Surat on the west coast of India was the major port to handle the Indian foreign trade with the West before the age of machines. It linked India to the Gulf and the Red Sea Ports. But towards the end of the eighteenth century, various European companies, especially the English East India Company monopolized much of the Indian trade. They set up and patronized their own ports like Bombay situated on the west coast of India. All this resulted in the decline of old ports like Surat. The exports from this port fell dramatically.

Q6. East India Company appointed gomashtas to supervise weavers in India .

Explain?

How did the East India Company procure regular supply of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers ? Discuss

Ans: Gomashtas were agents of the East India Company who helped the company in all possible ways to establish its control over the Indian trade.

When the East India Company established its foothold in India in the later half of the 18^th century , it tried to control India trade. It tried to develop a system of management for the regular supplies of Indian goods, especially Indian cotton and silk goods.

In order to establish a direct control over the weavers, it decided top eliminate the existing traders and brokers. With this aim in view, the East India Company appointed paid servants, called, Gomashtas, whose main duties were to advance loans to different weavers, get all their production, examine the quality of goods and collect supplies.

Q7. Explain the factors responsible for the Industrial Revolution in England.

Give reasons why Industrial Revolution started first of all in England

Ans: The Industrial Revolution began in England in the later half of the 18^th century as favourable conditions for such a development were present there.

1. The British traders had sufficient capital that was needed to establish new factories.

2. England had plenty of natural resources like iron and coal which are essential for industries.

3. England had established many new colonies from where they could easily get cheap raw-material and which could also serve as best markets for finished goods.

4. England had developed a large shipping industry which solved their problem of transporting things to distant lands.

Q8. What are the inventions in the Textile Industry in England as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

Ans: Inventions Pertaining to Textile Industry:

1. Hargreaves invented the ‘spinning Jenny’ in 1764 A.D,. which speeded up the spinning work.

2. A little later, John Key invented the ”Flying Shuttle” which speeded up weaving.

3. In 1769 A.D Arkwright improved Hargreaves’s invention and adopted it in such a was that it could be run by water-power . he called his new machine as ‘Water Frame’.

4. Some time later in 1776 A.D. Crompton invented a news machine called the ‘Mule’ which combined the advantages of both the machines invented by Hargreaves and Arkwright.

5. In 1785 A.D Cartwright invented the ‘Power loom’ which used steam power for spinning and weaving.

6. Though machines had been invented for weaving and spinning yet the problem of separating seeds from fibers was very troublesome. It was also solved when an American inventor, Eli Whitney, invented the ‘Cotton Jin ‘ in 1793 A.D The machine could separate seeds from cotton 300 times faster than the hand.

Q9. ‘Industrialization gave birth to Imperialism’ How?

How did Industrial Revolution give rise to Capitalism? Elucidate.

How did the Industrial Revolution in England affect India’s economy?

Ans:

1. Before the Industrial Revolution , India was major producer of cotton, woolen and silken cloth, indigo and spices etc, but now she suffered a severe setback in these spheres.

2. The Industrial Revolution enabled England to produce more and more goods and very soon the Indian market were flooded by the machine made goods from England . Consequently , Indian which was as to ne time an exporting country was reduced to a big market for the British goods.

3. Very soothe Indian ‘Karkanas’ or the small-scale household workshops declined.

4. The Industrial Revolution in England threw the Indian artisans and handicraftsmen out o job and give rise to unemployment.

5. The Indian goods could not complete with the British machine-made goods as the British Government in India imposed heavy duties on the Indian Products.

Q10.Write a paper of 250-400 words on the subject. “ The Industrial Revolution?

Ans: Blessing of the Industrial Revolution

1. Production by machines has met the growing need of the growing population of the world.

2. Only machines have made it possible for the mankind to meet the primary necessities of food, cloth and shelter.

3. Machines have brought more leisure which, in turn, has been utilized for the promotion of arts and culture.

4. Large scale production of several kinds of goods has brought many articles of comfort and luxury within the easy reach of even a common man.

Harmful Effects of the Industrial Revolution:

1. The Industrial Revolution shattered the rural life by turning the famer into Landless labourers.

2. Rural unemployment forced the unemployed famers to migrate to cities in search of jobs . Thus, the cities became overcrowded and many problems of insanitation and housing arose.

3. The Industrial Revolution made the worker’s life quite miserable. They had to live in slums around the factories where they fell a prey to different diseases and epidemics due to the lack of sanitation and other health facilities.

4. The Industrial Revolution gave birth to imperialism or conquered of to other countries by force.

Q11. Why did Industrialists in nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?

Ans: Most of the Industrialists in the 19^th century in Europe preferred hand labour over machines because of the following reasons.

i. It Victorian Britain, there was no shortage of human labour as such some of the Industrialist’s preferred human labour.

ii. They did not want to introduce machines because such a thing required large capital investment.

iii. Intricate designs and different samples of things required human skill not mechanical technology. It is pointed out that in the mid 19^th century in Britain about 500 varieties of hammers and 45b kinds of axes were produced which was possible by hand-skill and not by the machines.

iv. In Victorian Britain, most of the upper classes-like the aristocrat, bourgeoisie-preferred things made by hand.

v. Hand made things were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed.

Q12. Why did Industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

Ans: During the First World War, almost all the British mills stopped the production of war materials for the British army. As such all types of imports from England automatically stopped. Hence, the Indian industry got a golden chance to flourish and manufacture all types of things for the home market.

In addition to catering to the home market, the Indian industry was asked to cater to the war needs of the Britishers. Day and night, they became busy in manufacturing jute bags, cloth for uniforms of the solders, tents and leather shoes and even saddles for the mules and horse and what not. As a result, many new factories were started, more workers were employed and hours of work were also extended. Over the war years, the Indian industry got a great boots to expand and flourished. Thus the First World War proved a blessing for the Indian industry.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1. Why could not the merchants expand production within town in England?

a. Because in towns, the government rules were very strict.

b. Because in towns, urban crafts and trade guilds were very powerful.

c. Because then the electricity was available only for a short duration

d. Because in towns, the police was very corrupt.

Ans: (b) Because in towns, urban crafts and trade guilds were very powerful.

Q2. When did the earliest factories come up in England

(a) In 1720s (b) In 1730s

Ans: (b) In 1730s

Q3. Which were the two most dynamic industrial in Britain?

(a) Cotton Industries (b) Electronic Industries

Ans: (a) Cotton Industries and (d) Metal Industries

Q4. Who improved the steam-engine produced by Comen?

(a) Jams Hargreaves (b) James Watt

Ans: (b) James Watt

Q5. Which Indian port connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports?

(a) Surat (b) Broach

Ans: (a) Surat

Q6. Which two Indian ports had links with South-East Asian countries?

(a) Surat (b) Hoogly

Ans: (b) Hoogly and (c) Masulipattan

Q7. What was the name of the paid servant who was appointed by the ?English Company to deal with the Indian weavers?

(a) Gomastha (b) Seth

Ans: (a) Gomashtha

Q8. When was the first cotton mill set-up in India?

(a) In 1814 (b) In 1834

Ans: (c) In 1854

Q9. Name two materials which were exported to England from India?

(a) Rice (b) Wheat

Ans: (b) Wheat and (c) Cotton

Q10.By 1873, Britain was exporting steel and iron worth how many millions to foreign countries?

(a) About 57 million pounds (b) About 67 million pounds

Ans:

Q11.Which city of England developed as a finishing centre?

(a) Manchester (b) Liverpoole

Ans: (d) London

Q12.What was the main reason for breaking down the network of foreign trade of the Indian merchants in the 18^th Century?

(a) The coming of the European Companies

(b) The mutual conflict of the Indian rulers

(d) The foreign competition

Ans: (a) The coming of the European Companies

Q13.Who were the first European nations to come to India?

(a) The English (b) The French

Ans: (d) The Portuguese

Q14.Who, among the following, improved the steam engine produced by New Common?

(a) Mathew Boulton (b) James Wat

Ans: (b) James Watt

Q15.Which of the following group of industries was the dynamic industries of England its earliest phase of industrialization?

(a) Cotton and metals (b) Cotton and silk

Ans: (a) Cotton and metals

UNIT-V

WORK LIFE AND LEISURE CITIES IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Q1. Give some chief characteristics of the cities and their Distinction from the Towns and Villages?

Ans:

i. Cities, like London and Bombay, were larger on scale as compared to towns and villages like Ur, Nippur and Mohenjo-Daro.

ii. Cities could develop only when there was an increase in food supplies that could support a wide range of non-food producers. Villages and Towns required only food supplies in small quantities.

iii. Cities were often the centre of multifarious activities like trade and industry, religious institutions, intellectual pursuits and administrative set-up while villages and towns had restricted activities.

iv. In cities, a large number of social groups such as merchants, traders, bankers, wholesale traders and brokers, skilled artisans and various professionals lived while the villages and towns were predominated by farmers and petty artisans and shopkeepers.

Q2. Give two reasons why the population of London expanded from the middle of the eighteenth century.

Ans: The population of London was about 675,000 by 1750 multiplied four fold from one million in 1810 to four million in 1880. The reasons for the same were the following:

1. It was a centre of multifarious activities. According to historian Gareth Stedman Jones, “Nineteenth century London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi-skilled and sweated outworkers, of solders and servants, of casual labolurers, street sellers and beggars”.

2. Five major types of industries in London employed a large number of people. These industries were those

(i) Clothing and footwear

(ii) Wood and furniture

(iii) metals and engineering

(iv) Printing and stationery

(v) Precision products such a surgical instruments watches and objects of precious metals.

3. London dockyards also attracted a large number of employees

4. During the First World War (1914-1918) many more things began to be manufactured in London including motor-car. Electrical goods, large factories manufacturing war materials.

Q3. What were the changes in the kind of work available to women in London between the 19^th and 20^th centuries? Explain the factors which led to this change.

Ans

1. In the 19^th century due to technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs and forced to work elsewhere. Some of them began to work as maid servants so much so that their number rose to quarter of a million as recorded by the Census of 1861.

2. Some other women took the activities as tailors, washers, making match boxes.

3. However, there was a change once again in the beginning of the 20^th century when women got employment in the war time industries and offices linked with war activities. They happily gave up their domestic services.

Q4. Why well off Londoners supported the need of building houses for the poor in the 19^th century?

Ans: The rich people of London supported the building houses for the people because of the reasons:

i. Living in slums was very dangerous for the labourers. They lived up toan average age of 29 years as compared to the average life expectancy of 55 among the higher and the middle classes.

ii. Such slums were not only harmful for the slum dwellers but they were also threat to the public health and could easily lead to any epidemic.

iii. Poor housing could prove a great fire-hazard and could engulf other areas in the fire disaster.

iv. Especially after the Russian Revolution of 1917, it was felt that poor housing could lead to any social disaster and could lead to rebellions by the poor slum dwellers.

Q5. How far was underground railway able to solve transport problems as well as housing crisis in London in nineteenth century?

Ans: Benefits of the Underground Railways: No doubt, the development of the underground railways was criticized by some people but soon many people began to enjoy the benefits of the underground railways.

i. The underground railway solved the transport problem to a great extent, a good railway net-work enabled large number of people to live outside Century London and travel to work quite easily.

ii. As a result of the underground railways, the housing problem was also solved to a great extent. Now the people could be settled in outside the main city of Central London.

iii. The population in the city became better placed.

iv. The expansion of transport network wore down various social distinction and forged unity among the people.

Q6. What forms of entertainment came up in nineteenth century England to provide leisure activities for the people?

Ans: Industrialization brought about many social changes in the society. The family was got broken and different classes came into being. Some of then were the following, the rich and the poor, the working classes the common people.

All these classes found entertainment in different ways:

i. For the wealthy Londoners, there was the annual ‘London Season’ where the rich people could enjoy several cultural events such as the opera, classical musical performances and the theater etc.

ii. Working classes too had their own means of entertainment. They used to meet in pubs and enjoy a drink, exchange news and discuss political events.

iii. In the 19^th century, the establishment of libraries, museums and art galleries provided entertainment to the common people.

iv. To some others, music halls and later on cinema houses became a source of mass entertainment

v. To some others, epically the industrial workers, spending holiday by the sea-shore and enjoying both the sun and the bracing winds also proved a great source of entertainment and leisure.

Q7. To what extent dos government regulation and new laws solve problems of pollution? Discuss on example each of the success and failure of legislation to change the quality of (a) Public life (b) Private life?

Ans: Governments Regulation and laws to solve Problem of Pollution: Various steps were taken both by the private firms and the government to change the quality of public life and private life.

Steps taken to change the Public Life:

i. Steps were taken to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and to beautify the landscape of the city.

ii. Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War (1914-1918) to solve shortage impact of housing shortage.

iii. Architects and planners like Ebenezer Howard and Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden cities with common garden spaces, beautiful views and pleasant spaces full of plants and trees.

Steps taken to improve the Private Life:

i. Large blocks of apartments were built for the poor residents to lead a better and happy life.

Success or Failure of the New Regulation and Laws:

However, the wealthy residents of London made use of the new laws and regulations undertaken to solve the problems of pollution . They were able to build afford a holiday home in the countryside. The poor workers, however, had to bear the burnt of congestion and pollution for lack of funds.

i. When in 1819 , Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency , it was found to attract more and more people towards it. Like all capital , the capital city has an advantage of attracting more and more people.

ii. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, a large number of traders and bankers along with artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.

iii. As a result of the establishment of many industries long with the expansion of the cotton industry, more and more people flowed to Bombay from then neighboring areas.

iv. When Bombay became the hub of Indian films, many new people-artists, dramatists, play writers, poets, singers, story writers come to this city.

Q8. Why a number of Bombay films were about the lives of the migrants?

Ans: There is no denying the fact that a number of Bombay films were about the lives of the migrants. There were reasons for the same:

i. Most of the film directors, film producers, play writer, dramatists and artists were themselves migrants, who came from far off areas to Bombay, so naturally they were familiar and more interested in themes relating to them. The Kapoors, the Chopras, the Sehgals) were all migrants (from Punjab), without whose help we cannot think of the Bombay world.

ii. Some of the songs of early films like CID (1956) and Guest House (1959) and some of others dealt with the migrating and their problems after coming to Bombay.

iii. The migrants, especially the labourers and factory workers, led a very poor life which can easily be converted into a good theme for films.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the underground railways. Why was the development of the underground criticized?

Ans: Social Changes in London:

i. The development of London as an industrial town attracted a large number of people to migrate to this city. Continuous pouring of people to this city led to over-crowding , slums and insanitary conditions.

ii. Living in such conditions not only proved harmful for the workers who died early but also posed many health problems, for the other residents as well.

iii. Because of expensive city-life, both men and woman had to work, so some sort of cheap and efficient system of transport was required.

Why was the Development of the Underground Railways Criticized?

i. At first, some people were afraid to travel underground. Some complained that the atmosphere below was a mixture of sulphur, coal dust and foul fumes coming out of the gas lamps and as a result, they were near dead because of sophyxiation and heat.

ii. Many felt that ‘iron-monsters’ added to the unhealthiness of the city.

iii. During lying of underground railways, a great many houses had to pull down, streets broken through, deep pits and trenches dug in the ground which caused much loss to the people.

Q2. How dos the existence of a large urban population affect each of the following? Illustrate with historical examples?

a. A private landlord.

b. A Police Superintendent in charge of law and order.

c. A leaders of a political party.

Ans

a. Effects of Large Urban Population over Private Landlord: Because of the existence of a large urban population, the private landlord stood to gain. They sold their land to the needy people at very high rates. They built cheap tenements on their land, rented them to the poor workers and amassed quite large sums of many as rents.

b. Effects of Large Urban Population on a Police Superintendent: Large urban population of London created many problem for the Police Superintendent in charge law and order.

i. The over-crowing of London led to the growth of crime in that city . According to one estimate, there were about 20,000 criminals living in London in the 1870s. The presence of such a large number of criminals in London created a serious law and order problem for the Police Superintendent.

ii. When a fire in the slums burnt down many small tenements and killed many people , the police had hard times to control the situation.

iii. Many movements of the workers for better wages, better housing facilities and just voting right meant a great headache for the police.

c. Effects of Large Urban Population on a Leader of a Political Party: A large city population was a great threat to the law and order of the city . The political parties could easily instigate such crowds to any agitation against the government. Most political movements of the 19^th century, like the Charlist Movement for the right to vote for every adult and 10 hours movement etc. were the direct result of over-crowing of London.

Q3. Explain what is meant by the Haussmanization of Paris? To what extent would you support or oppose this form of development? Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper to either support or oppose this, giving reasons for your view.

Ans: What is meant by Haussmanization of Paris: It simply means the new city of Paris as was designed by the chief architect of new Paris. At the instance of Napoleon III (a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte), Haussmann built the new city of Paris for continuous 17 years (between 1852 to 1869) . He designed straight, broad avenues (or boulevards and open spaces and transplanted full growth trees.

Opposition of Haussmanization: Many opposed this form of development . About 3,50,000 people were removed from the centre of Paris. Some said that the city of Paris had been monstrously transformed. Some people thought it destroyed earlier way of life and the development of an upper class culture. Others believed that Haussmann had killed the street and is life to product an empty boring city.

Arguments in Support of Haussmanization: The new Paris city soon got converted into a civic pride as the new capital became the toast of all Europe. Paris became the hub of much new architecture, social and intellectual developments that were very influenced through the 20^th century in many parts of the world

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1. Name the novel written by Durgacharan Ray about the city of Calcutta?

(a) Durgesh Nandini (b) Nirmala

Ans: (d) Debganer Martye Agaman

Q2. Name one factor which changed the form of urbanization in the modern world?

(a) Capitalism (b) Secularism

Ans: (c) Industrialization

Q3. Name the two industrial cities of Britain?

(a) Manchester (b) Cambridge

Ans: (c) Manchester and (d) Leeds

Q4. What was the population of London in 1750?

(a) 375,000 (b) 475,000

Ans: (d) 675,000

Q5. Why were the migrants attracted towards London and Manchester?

(a) To get education facilities for their children

(b) To live a life of leisure and pleasure

(d) To avail of job facilities in textile mills.

Ans: (d) To avail of job facilities in textile mills.

Q6. Which two industries developed in London during the First World War?

(a) Textile Industry (b) Iron Industry

Ans: (c) Motor Car Industry and (d) Electrical goods

Q7. Who built tenements for the migrant workers?

(a) The government (b) The Factory owners

Ans: (d) Individual Landowners

Q8. Who one of the following architects and the planners developed the principle of Garden City?

(a) Charles Bondt (b) Ebenezer Howard

Ans: (b) Ebenezer Howard

Q9. What was the expected life of poor workers in London in 1877 according to Charles Booth’s survey?

(a) 29 years (b) 39 years

Ans: (a) 29 years

Q10.Between the two World Wars (1919-1939), who accepted the responsibility of housing of the poor class in England?

(a) The Industrialists (b) The British State

Ans: (b) The British State

Q11.Which one of the following factors solved the problems of housing of the poor?

(a) The Paris underground railway (b) Moscow underground railway

Ans: (d) The London underground railway

Q12.Why were the people afraid of travelling in the Underground Railways?

(a) They felt that they would be burned alive

(b) They felt that they would die because of suffocation

(d)

Ans: (b) They felt that they would die because of suffocation

Q13.What was the Chartist Movement?

(a) It was the movement to get equal pay for equal work

(b) It was the movement against the rise of prices

(d) It was the movement to get the right to vote for every adult.

Ans: (d) It was the movement to get the right to vote for every adult.

Q14.What do you mean by a Chawi?

(a) It was a one room tenement for the poor labourers

(b) It was a boarding house for the students

(d) It was a separate colony for the washerman to live.

Ans: (a) It was a one room tenement for the poor labourers

Q15.Which one of the following is correct about the Annual London Season?

(a) It was meant for wealthy Britishers only

(b) Organized for an elite group of 300-400 families

(d) All the above

Ans: (d) All the above

Q16.After reclamation how many islands were joined together to develop the city of Bombay (Mumbai)?

(a) Seven (b) Five

Ans: (a) Seven

UNIT-VI

PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

Q1. Write a short note on – The Gutenburg Press?

Ans: Before the invention of the Printing Press, it was very difficult to spread knowledge because the books were written by hand and they were also very costly. Knowledge was the privilege of the wealthy people only, but the things changed with the invention of the printing press. The first printing press was set up in Germany by Gutenburg in 1448. He developed metal types for each of the 26 characters of the Roman alphabet and devised a way of moving them around so as to compose different words of the text. His new press came to be known as the moveable type printing machine and it remained the basic print technology for the next 300 years. His press could print 250 sheets on one side per hour.

The first book he printed was the Bible.

Q2. Who was Martin Luther? What is his contribution to the Protestant Reformation?

Give reason for the following-Martin-Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it?

Ans: Martin Luther was a great reformer of Germany . The credit for starting Reformation in Germany goes to him .When working as a Professor at University of Wittenburg, he was asked to sell ‘Indulgences’ as a means of salvation but he frankly refused . Instead he wrote down his objections against the sale of Indulgences in Latin, in the form of 95 statements knows as ‘Ninety-Five Theses’ and nailed them on the door of the church at Wittenburg and challenged the scholars to have a debate on them. In these Theses, Luther laid great stress on faith and strongly opposed the sale and purchase of Indulgence as a means of salvation. He believed in the infallibility of the Bible and not of the Pope.

Luther’s Theses were printed and distributed widely, in Germany. They created a great excitement everywhere. Consequently, a National Church was established in Germany and prayers began to be held in the German language. This fact proved the beginning of the Reformation Movement in Europe.

Luther’s translations of the News Testament were sold 5,000 copies within a few weeks and the second edition appeared within three months. Deeply grateful to print he remarked, “Printing is the ultimately gift of God and the greatest one”

Q3. Write a short note on “Erasmus’s idea of the printed books”?

Ans: Erasmus (1466-1533) .He was a great reformer of Holland . He was the pioneer of Reformation in Holland. He was the foremost advocate of the new learning and was deadly opposed to corrupt and immoral life of the pope and the clergymen. He against evil practices and abuses of the church. He was in favour of bringing reforms in the church by peaceful means, but the disliked violent methods. ‘Pocket Dagger’ ‘Praise of Folly’ and ‘new ‘Testament’ are his famous works. In the ‘Praise of Foly’ he had denounced the abuses of the church. He wanted to affect the reforms in the church by a direct appeal to the reason of man. It has been rightly remarked . “The jokes of Erasmus did the Pope more harm than the anger of Luther”. His influence extended to England , France , Germany and Italy also.

He supported the Print Culture . He said that with the help of printing we can spread knowledge throughout the world. He believed that we can made people aware about their rights.

Q4. Write a short note on the following:

The Vernacular Press Act?

Ans: The Vernacular Press Act: Lord Lytton passed the Vernacular Act in 1778. A.D. to suppress the voice of Indian people. He did not want that any important news should go out of India. So in 1878, he passed the Vermicular Press Act. It was clearly laid down that the vernacular papers should not print anything against the government and they were to submit their proofs to censor. Such an act was naturally resented by the Indians especially when the English papers were left quite free to publish anything they liked.

Q5. Give reasons for the following:

Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for liberty of speech, liberty of the press and freedom of association.

Why Gandhi supported the Printing Press?

Ans: Mahatma Gandhi said these words in 1922 during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922). Because according to him without the liberty of speech, the liberty of the press and freedom of association no nation can survive. If the country as to get free from foreign domination, then these liberties were quite important. If there is no liberty of speech, liberty of press and freedom of association, then there is no nationalism. Nationalism required these three needs for its survival .Mahatma Gandhi fully knew the fact that is why he said so particularly about these three freedoms.

Q6. “The Print Culture creates the conditions within which the French Revolution occurred”. Support the statement giving three arguments.

Printing Press is important cause for the French Revolution . Discuss

Ans:

1. The Print Culture laid emphasis on the rule of reason rather than custom. Everything should be judged through the application of reason and rationality. Consequently many thinkers began to attack the sacred authority of the church and despotic power of the stat.

2. Secondly, the print culture created an atmosphere of dialogue and debate. As such, all existing ideas and beliefs began to be questioned by the public. Such a thing created the ground for social revolution.

3. Thirdly, by the 1780s there was out pouring of liberation that mocked the royalty and criticized the monarchy. This process led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the ruler.

Q7. Give arguments how far the Print Culture created the situation which created the condition that brought about the French Revolution?

Ans: Many historians argued the Print Culture created the conditions which brought about the French Revolution in 1789.

1. The Print culture laid emphasis on the rule of reason rather than custom. Everything should be judged through the application of reason rationality. Consequently May thinkers began to attack the sacred authority of the church and despotic power of the state.

2. Secondly, the print culture created an atmosphere of dialogue and debate. As such all existing ideas created beliefs began to be questioned by the public. Such a thing created the ground for social revolution.

3. Thirdly, the people get united through the press

4. The people raised voice against injustice through the press.

Q8. Give reasons for the following: Wood block print only came to Europe after 1295.

Ans: It was only in 1295 when Marco Polo, a great explorer returned to Italy after many years of exploration on China. It was he who brought this knowledge of Wood Block Printing from China to Italy. As such, the Wood Block Printing came to Europe after 1295.

Before that date, manuscripts were written by scribes all over Europe.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q1. Why did some people in eighteenth century Europe think that print culture would bring enlightenment and end disposition?

What is the contribution of print to the spread of knowledge?

Ans: Contribution of Print:

i. Without the introduction and invention of the new print technology the quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts was not possible.

ii. Printing reduced the cost of books as a result books could reach out to wider sections of the society otherwise they would have been only the luxury of the elite or the rich people

iii. As a result of the printing technology , the time and labour required to produce each book reduced.

iv. Most of the revolution of the world, which ended despotism and bought about democratic governments in the world, were much because of the advancement of the print culture. Without the spreads of education and knowledge, how could such a transformation be possible?

Q2. How had the earliest printing technology developed in the world ? Explain.

Ans:

i. The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea, In China , since 594 A.D woodblocks were used for hand-printing .

ii. Up to the sixth century, the print was used only by the scholar –officials but after the 17^th century, the merchant along with the reading public began to use print in their everyday life.

iii. Then around 768 – 770 A.D . the Buddhist missionaries introduced hand printing technology from China to Japan.

iv. It was only in 1295 when Marco Polo, a great explorer returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China. It was he who brought this knowledge of woodblock printing from China to Italy. As such, the woodblock printing came to Europe after 1295.

v. But the invention of the printing press proved a great miracle in spreading knowledge . The first printing press was developed by Gutenberg of Germany in 1884, which greatly facilitated the printing of books in large numbers. He developed metal types and developed a way of moving them around so as to compose different words of the text. His novel printing machine dominated the printing world for the next 300 years.

Q3. Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one example from Europe and one from India?

The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an index of Prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth century?

Ans: There were many people who were against printed books welcome. They had many fears about them.

i. It was feared that if there was no control over the printed material, then rebellion and irrational thoughts might spread.

ii. Many monarchs felt if no control was applied , then the printed books cold lead to rebellions against the state authorities.

iii. Many religious authorities felt that free print material can make the people rebel against their cherished religions. With such fears in mind, the Roman Catholic Church, imposed several controls over publishers and book sellers and began to maintain and Index of Prohibited Books from 1558 onwards.

iv. Even many writers and artists began to fear that if no control was kept on the printed material, the authority of the valuable literature would be of the too many new books.

Q4. What was the position of literacy rate in Europe on the eve of the eighteenth century? How did literacy rate gear up in this period? Explain with examples?

Ans: By the end of the eighteenth century, in many countries of Europe , the literacy rate was as high as 60 to 80 percent. It is quite interesting to note how the literacy rate raised during this period.

i. Churches opened schools in villages as a result of which the village folk especially the peasants and artisans also became literate thereby regaining the literacy rate.

ii. The Print technology also led to the rise in the literacy rate.

iii. As a result of the rise in literacy rate, there was a great demand of books.

iv. As there was a great demand of books, the publishers began to print books in large numbers.

v. In England, cheap books known as penny chapbooks became available. In France, they were known as ‘Biliotheque Bleue’ which were low –priced books.

Q5. Explain how print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India?

Ans: There is no denying the fact that the print also connected the different people and communities and inculcated among them the spirit of togetherness, oneness and nationalism.

There is no doubt that the print culture played a vital part in the growth of nationalism in India. In the nineteenth century, a large quantity of national literature was created which brought about a great revolution in the minds of the people and inspired them to fight against British Imperialism. The Indian press also contribution in arousing the national consciousness among the people of India. Newspaper like the ‘Indian Mirror’ Bombay Samachar’ The Amrit Bazar Patrika’ The Hindu’ The Kesari’ and several other had a great influence on the political life of this country. A continuous pouring in of national articles by such great patriots as Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Din Bandhu Mitra Rabindra Nath Tagore and Lokmanya Tilak etc. roused political consciousness among the Indians and prepared them for the national struggle.

Q6. What did the spread of print culture in nineteenth century India mean to:

a. Women

b. The Poor

c. Reformers

What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in nineteenth century India?

Ans: Print Culture and Reforms: In the 19^th century the print media greatly helped the reformers to reform the Indian society and religion. With the help of newspapers, magazines etc. they were able to attack such social evils as Sati, child marriage, idolatry, the caste system and Brahmanical priest hood. The Muslim reforms also attack the Purdah system and lack of education among Muslim women. Now , as a result of the print media, their ideas spread far and wide and left a great impact on the society. Through the print media the general public could also express their views quite easily and help the reforms in their work.

Print Culture and Women: The main emphasis of the reformers in India was the emancipation of the women . Soon many journals began carrying articles as to why women should be educated. With the spread of education among women, many women began writing about their problems and how to solve them . Rashsundari Debi, Kailashbashini Debi, Tarabai Shinde, Pandita Ramabai and some of other women writer wrote about the problems and experiences of women-how women imprisoned at homes were kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and even then treated unjustly by the very people they served. It was basically the print media which helped these women writers to carry on the work of emancipation of these women.

Print Culture and the Poor: The print culture not only took up the cause of women but equally it took up the problems of the poor classes of the society-the labourers , the workers and the down-trodden etc. The educated, among these neglected and poor classes of society themselves took up the cause of these neglected sections of the society and tried to uplift them. Kanpur mill-workers like Kashibaba and Sudarshan Chakra wrote against the exploitation of the mill –workers. The mill-workers , all over the country setup-libraries to educate themselves. Writers like Jyotiba Phule and B.R Ambedkar and E.V Ramaswamy Naicker wrote powerfully about case system and their writings were read by people all over India. Their teachings had a healthy spell on the society.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1. Where was the earliest kind of print technology developed?

(a) England (b) Germany

Ans: (c) China

Q2. For what purpose, the earliest text books were printed in China?

Ans: To recruit the Civil servants through written examination.

Q3. What was the oldest Japanese book printed in Japan round about 868 A.D?

Ans: The Buddhist Diamond Sutra.

Q4. Who was Gutenburg?

Ans: A great inventor of Germany

Q5. For which invention Gutenburg is so famous?

Ans: For the invention of Printing Press.

Q6. During which period printing press were set up in most countries of Europe?

Ans: 1450-1550 A.D

Q7. Who was Marin Luther?

Ans: Religious reformer of Germany.

Q8. What is meant by Reformation?

Ans: It was a reform movement to reform the Catholic Church

Q9. Who were scribes?

Ans: They wrote the manuscripts by hand.

Q10.What were the cheap books known in England and France?

Ans: Chapbooks in England and Biliotheque Bleue in France.

Q11. When did the first printing press come to India?

Ans: In the middle of 16^th century.

Q12. Raja Rammohan Roy began to publish which weekly?

Ans: Sambad Kaumudi

Q13. Name two Persian newspapers which began to be published in India in the earn 19^th century?

Ans: Jami-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akbar

Q14. Name two Muslim writers who extensively debated for the education of Muslim women.

Ans: Altaf Hassan Ali and Begum Rokya Sakhawat Hossein.

Q15.The first Printing Press came to India with which one of the following?

Ans: Portuguese Missionaries

Q16. Who among the following developed the first known Printing Press in the 1430s?

Ans: Johann Gutenburg.

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