NCERT-JK-SOLUTIONS: NCERT-10TH-GEOGRAPHY

CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1: AGRICULTURE

CHAPTER-2: MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

CHAPTER-3: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

CHAPTER-4: LIFE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

AGRICULTURE –x

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture (also called farming or husbandry) is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite, but generally speaking refers to human activities.

In India, there are two main agricultural seasons in a year.

I. The Kharif season or the summer season; and

II. The Rabi season or the winter season.

The Kharif season starts in June when the South-West monsoon starts. Seeds are sown in June and July and crops are harvested in September and October. Crops which require large quantities of water are cultivated during the Kharif season.

The main Kharif crops are rice, sugar-cane, jute, cotton, tobacco, maize etc. These crops cover 65% of total cultivated area.

The Rabi Season starts in the middle of October when the south-west monsoon retreats and the north-east Monsoon begins. Seeds are sown in October and crops are harvested in March and April. Generally, crops which require less water are grown during the Rabi season.

The main Rabi crops are wheat, barley, gram, mustard, linseed etc. These crops require cooler conditions and less moisture Rabi crops account for 33% of cropped area. Besides the above two groups of crops, there are certain crops which are grown throughout the year in all parts of the country under artificial irrigation, they are called Zaid crops.

The chief Zaid crops are rice, maize, melons, groundnut, water melons, cucumber, leafy and tuber vegetables etc.

TYPES OF FARMING

In India the following types of farming are practiced:

1. Shifting Agriculture:

(i) In shifting agriculture, land is obtained by cleaning forest and agriculture is practiced till the fertility of the farm is exhausted. After this another farm is cleared and agriculture is practiced on it.

(ii) Usually, plant, tuber crops like yam, tapioca and root crops are raised. (Hi) It is practiced mainly by tribal living in forest.

2. Subsistence Agriculture:

(i) In subsistence agriculture, farmer and his family produce cereals for themselves only or for local market.

(ii) Cereals like wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised. This is practiced in most parts of India even today.

3. Intensive Farming:

(i) Intensive farming aims at maximum possible production on the limited farms with all efforts possible under the circumstances.

(ii) Intensive farming is capable of raising more than one crop a year.

(iii) Huge capital and human labour is employed on every hectare of land.

(iv) It is practiced in most parts of densely populated areas.

4. Extensive Farming:

(i) It is the modern system of farming done on large farms.

(ii) It is also known as mechanical farming due to extensive use of machines.

(iii) Extensive farm raises only one crop a year.

(iv) Employment of labour and capital per hectare of land is comparatively less.

(v) It is practiced in sparsely populated areas like USA, Canada, Russia and Australia.

5. Plantation Agriculture:

(i) In plantation agriculture, bush or tree farming is done on huge areas.

(ii) It is capital-centered and needs good managerial ability, technical knowledge, improved machineries, fertilizers, irrigation and transport facilities.

(iii) A particular or single sown crop like rubber, tea, coconut, coffee, cocoa, spices and fruit crops etc. is sown and the yield is generally obtained continuously for a number of years.

(iv) It is practiced in Kerala, Karnataka, Assam and Maharashtra.

(v) Plantation agriculture requires a long growing period.

6. Commercial Agriculture:

(i) Commercial Agriculture is practiced to raise crops on a large scale with a view to export them to other countries and earn money.

(ii) Commercial agriculture is done mostly in sparsely populated areas.

(iii) Purpose of commercial agriculture is to sell the produce for money.

(iv) Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Maharashtra, mainly practice this type of farming.

(v) Wheat, cotton, sugarcane, corn etc. are some of the commercial crops.

7. Dry Land Farming:

(i) In dry land farming moisture is maintained by raising special type of crops. Gramjowar, bajra and peas are such crops which need less water.

(ii) This is practiced in dry areas of the country such as western, north-western India and central India.

(iii) It is practiced in low rainfall areas or where there is inadequate irrigation facility.

8. Wet Land Farming:

(i) Wet land farming depends mainly upon rains, so it is practiced in high rainfall or well irrigated areas.

(ii) In this type of farming rice, jute and sugarcane are grown.

(iii) This type of farming is prevalent in the north, north-eastern India and on the slopes of the Western Ghats.

Animal Husbandry

Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands of years, since the first domestication of animals. In more modern times, the cowboys of North America, charros of Mexico, or vaqueros, gauchos, huasos of South America, and farmers or stockmen of Australia tend their herds on horses, all-terrain vehicles, motorbikes, infour-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles and helicopters, depending on the terrain and livestock concerned.

Today, herd managers often oversee thousands of animals and many staff. Farms, stations and ranches may employ breeders, herd health specialists, feeders, and milkers to help care for the animals.

GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION refers to increasing global connectivity and integration in the economic, social, technological, cultural, political, and ecological spheres.

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE

India has done very little reforms in agriculture to enable private and individual economic initiative that would help harness the benefits of globalization. Despite govt. having created hurdles to globalization, Indian agriculture has benefited substantially from whatever little globalization that has been allowed in Indian agriculture. The farmers that got the exposure to global links of markets, technology and investment, benefited in terms of improving their yields, getting better prices and secured off take. In many areas of the country, tomato-growers, potato farmers and fruit growers benefited from tie-up and collaborations with ketchup, potato chips, fruit juices, etc. Indian agricultural exports have grown where Indian farmers are competitive. These include spices made from agricultural produce, flowers, mangoes, other fruits, rice, vegetables, pickels, papads, tobacco, etc. The e-choupals network created by an Indian company and the spread of mobile telephones have provided online market price and climatic information on online real-time basis and helped them to get the best prices and sell to the most attractive buyers and brought them freedom from the clutches of the middlemen and traders. Because of the resistance from the traders and the politicians, more and more farmers are not getting the benefits of globalization; vested interests are stopping the entry of more professional and honest buyers of agricultural produce of high quality for supply to urban areas through network of malls.

Fishermen in Kerala have increased their incomes using mobile phones to find out the best mandis where the prices are the highest on each day. There has not been any negative effect of globalization on Indian farming. But faulty and restrictive policies of Indian politicians have made it difficult for farmers to consolidate their holdings for larger scale commercial farming, access to large, high paying buyers with retail chains, support of well-organized transparent mandis not ruled by traders. As a result in many areas farmers have committed suicides because of crop failures and high indebtedness. Using the old British Indian laws of land acquisition, the state govts. are forcing farmers to sell their lands for industries at prices they consider justified rather than asking industrialists and companies to bid for agricultural land which will increase the market prices of land. Once these policy impediments are removed, globalization will proceed in Agriculture and farming in the proper way and benefit Indian agriculture and farming throughout the country. India does not need all the land under agriculture now for agricultural use, much less area would suffice to feed the nation and export if agricultural productivity can be raised substantially through private investment in agriculture by companies that need agricultural produce for their business growth and India's economic growth.

Question 1:

Multiple choice questions

(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?

(a) Shifting Agriculture

(b) Plantation Agriculture

(d) Intensive Agriculture

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

(a) Rice

(b) Gram

(d) Cotton

(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?

(a) Pulses

(b) Jawar

(d) Sesamum

(iv) Which one of the following is announced by the government in support of a crop?

(a) Maximum support price

(b) Minimum support price

(d) Influential support price

Answer

(i) (b) Plantation Agriculture

(ii) (b) Gram

(iii) (a) Pulses

(iv) (b) Minimum support price

Question 2: Answer the following questions in 30 words.

(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.

(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.

(iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

(iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?

(i) Tea is an important beverage crop. To grow well, the tea plant needs tropical or sub tropical climates, and deep and fertile well-drained soil which is rich in humus and organic matter.

(ii) Rice is a staple food crop of India. It grows in the plains of north and north-east India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.

(iii) The various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers are − Minimum Support Price policy, provision for crop insurance, subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers, Grameen banks, Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.

(iv) A declining area of land under cultivation coupled with increasing population can lead to serious food grain shortages. This would in turn increase imports of food grains, thereby causing the economy to reel under huge debts.

Question 3: Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.

(ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.

(iii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

(i) To ensure increase in agricultural production, the government prioritised collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari system. 'Land reform' was the main focus of the First Five Year Plans. In the 1960s and 1970s, agricultural reforms were the order of the day. The Green Revolution and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were aimed at improving Indian agricultural productivity. During the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated. Under this, various technical and institutional reforms were introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers, e.g., Minimum Support Price policy, provision for crop insurance, subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers, Grameen banks, Kissan Credit Card, Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, and special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes like 'Krishi Darshan' on national television.

(ii) The impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture has been felt since colonial times. Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India. In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place of foodgrains, in order to supply dye to Britain’s flourishing textile industry. Thus, globalisation has had its boons and banes for Indian agriculture.

Post liberalisation, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form of competition from highly subsidised agriculture of developed nations. This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming, and diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops.

(iii) Rice is a kharif crop grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and deltaic regions. It requires high temperatures (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In areas with less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation via canals and tubewells.

AGRICULTURE

INTRODUCTION

griculture (also called farming or husbandry) is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite, but generally speaking refers to human activities.

In India, there are two main agricultural seasons in a year.

The Kharif season or the summer season; and The Rabi season or the winter season.

The main Kharif crops are rice, sugar-cane, jute, cotton, tobacco, maize etc. These crops cover 65% of total cultivated area.

The chief Zaid crops are rice, maize, melons, groundnut, water melons, cucumber, leafy and tuber vegetables etc.

Dry Farming Dry farming is a system under which farming is carried on in the regions where the rainfall is scanty i.e. less than 50 Cm annually and where irrigation facilities are either absent or very little. It is followed in Gujarat, Rajasthan, South Punjab, and Northern Maharashtra; generally, single-cropping is practiced under this system. Under this system, only those crops which can withstand drought conditions, such as Jowar and Bajra are grown.

Humid Farming

Humid Farming is a system of farming practiced in regions where the rainfall is adequate i.e. between 100 Cm to 200 Cm without the help of irrigation.

It is followed in the West Coast, West Bengal, Parts of Bihar, U.P and Assam. Under this system, generally, double cropping (i.e. growing of two crops in a year on the same land) is practiced. Rice, Sugarcane, jute etc. are cultivated under this system.

Irrigation Farming

Irrigation farming is a system of farming under which crops are grown with the help of irrigation i.e. supply of water from rivers, reservoirs, tanks, wells to land for cultivation in regions of seasonal or low rainfall.

It is followed in Western U.P., Punjab, Haryana, parts of Bihar, Orissa, A.P., Tamil Nadu, Karnataka etc. Under this system, multiple or double cropping is practiced. A large variety of crops, such as rice, sugarcane, cotton, wheat, tobacco etc. are grown under this system.

Shifting Cultivation

Shifting cultivation means the migratory subsistence farming. Under this system, a plot of land is cultivated for a few years and then, when the crop yield declines because of soil exhaustion and the effects of pests and weeds, is deserted for another area. Here the ground is again cleared by slash-and-burn methods, and the procedure is repeated.

Shifting cultivation is predominant in the forest areas of Assam (Known as jhum), Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunchal Predesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (Podu). Rain fed rice, Maize, buck wheat, small millets, root crops and vegetables are grown on the burnt over clearings.

Plantation Farming

Plantation farming means the cultivation of a single cash crop in plantations or estates (large areas of land) on a large scale. The farming is carried on with the help of technically advanced methods of cultivation and tools.

The tea plantations of Assam and West Bengal, coffee plantations of Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu and rubber plantations of Kerala are the examples of Plantation farming in India.

Single, Double and Multiple Cropping

Single cropping also known as mono-cropping or mono-culture is a system of farming under which the cultivators grow one crop from the lands during the year. It is generally undertaken in those areas where soil and climatic conditions are most favorable for the production of a particular crop only.

Example: Tea, Coffee, etc.

Double cropping is a system under which two crops are raised by the farmers from the same plot of land during the year. It is practiced in densely populated countries where soil and climatic conditions favor the cultivation of two crops during the year.

Example: Rice.

Multiple cropping is a system under which the farmer grown more than two crops from the same plot of land during the year. It is a highly intensive system of farming. For the success of this system, the soils must be cultivated intensively by providing scientific fertilizers, better seeds and regular water supply through irrigation.

Example: Cotton, tobacco, vegetables.

Arable Farming

It is a system under which the farms are used only for the cultivation of crops i.e. food crops and cash crops. Mixed farming is a system under which the lands used not only for the cultivation of crops, but also for other purposes, such as stock-raising, poultry farming, sericulture, bee-keeping etc.

Crop Rotation

The system of farming by which different crops are alternately grown on the same land in a specific order. Among the advantages of a rotation are the more effective control of weeds, pests & diseases and the more economical utilization of soil fertility.

For example, leguminous crops like pulses are grown alternately with wheat, barley or mustard.

Mixed Cropping

Mixed cropping means the cultivation of more than one crop simultaneously on the same piece of land. The two crops are sown together but harvested at different times because the growth period of the plants of the different crop varieties.

Early maturing crops are mixed with groundnut, cotton or pulses which mature late. The crops are so mixed that soil nutrients removed by some are replaced by others, at least partly.

Animal Husbandry

Today, herd managers often oversee thousands of animals and many staff. Farms, stations and ranches may employ breeders, herd health specialists, feeders, and milkers to help care for the animals.

GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION refers to increasing global connectivity and integration in the economic, social, technological, cultural, political, and ecological spheres.

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE

CHAPTER: 04 | MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

MINERALS: Minerals are “homogenous, naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure.” Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. You have already learnt about rocks.

A particular mineral that will be formed from a certain combination of elements depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms. This, in turn, results in a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density that a particular mineral possesses. Geologists use these properties to classify the minerals.

MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS

Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially viable. The type of formation or structure in which they are found determines the relative ease with which mineral ores may be mined. This also determines the cost of extraction. It is, therefore, important for us to understand the main types of formations in which minerals occur.

(i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/ molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.

(ii) In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions.

(iii) Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.

(iv) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals.

(v) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are too widely diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds, too, are rich in manganese nodules.

Ferrous Minerals: Ferrous minerals account for about three fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals. They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries. India exports substantial quantities of ferrous minerals after meeting her internal demands.

Iron Ore: Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. India is rich in good quality iron ores. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry. Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used, but has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite. (50-60 per cent).

Figure 1: Production of iron ore showing state wise share in per cent, 2003-04

Major Iron Ore Belts in India:

1. Orissa-Jharkhand belt: In Orissa high grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. In the adjoining Singbhum district of Jharkhand haematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi.

2. Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high grade hematites are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chattisgarh. The range of hills comprise of 14 deposits of super high grade hematite iron ore. It has the best physical properties needed for steel making. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakapatnam port.

3. Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudermukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 per cent export unit. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world. The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore.

4. Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Though, the ores are not of very high quality, yet they are efficiently exploited. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port.

Manganese: Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in India.

Non-Ferrous Minerals

Figure3: Production of Copper showing state-wise share in per cent, 2003-04

Copper: India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of copper. Being malleable, ductile and a good conductor, copper is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh produce 52 per cent of India’s copper. The Singbhum district of Jharkhand is also a leading producer of copper. The Khetri mines in Rajasthan are also famous.

Figure4: Production of Bauxite showing state-wise share in per cent, 2003-04

Bauxite: Though, several ores contain aluminium, it is from bauxite, a clay-like substance that alumina and later aluminium is obtained. Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates. Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability.

Non-Metallic Minerals

Mica: Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits easily into thin sheets. These sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters high. Mica can be clear, black, green, red yellow or brown. Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.

Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau. Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer. In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is around Ajmer. Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer in the country.

Rock Minerals: Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. It is found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations. Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

Hazards of Mining

The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases. The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners. The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining. Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil, and increase in stream and river pollution.

CONSERVATION OF MINERALS

The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required millions of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are, therefore, finite and non-renewable. Rich mineral deposits are our country’s extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality.

A conscious effort needs to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner. Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low costs. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving our mineral resources for the future.

ENERGY RESOURCES: Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity. Energy resources can be classified as conventional and nonconventional sources.

1. Conventional sources: Firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hydel and thermal).

2. Non-conventional sources: Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy. Firewood and cattle dung cake are most common in rural India. According to one estimate more than 70 per cent energy requirement in rural households is met by these two; continuation of these is increasingly becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area. Moreover, using dung cake too is being discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture.

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

Coal: In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.

Coal is formed due the compression of plant material over millions of years. Coal, therefore, is found in a variety of forms depending on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial. Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. This has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity.

Types of Coal

a. Lignite: Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity.

b. Bituminous Coal: Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.

c. Anthracite: Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.

In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely Gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits which are only about 55 million years old. The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits.

Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

Petroleum: Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.

Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the up fold. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.

Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the oil.

About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High, 18 per cent from Gujarat and 16 per cent from Assam.

Natural Gas: Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with or without petroleum. It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw material in the petrochemical industry. Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions and is, therefore, the fuel for the present century.

Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin. Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay. Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.

HBJ Pipeline: The 1700 km long Hazira-Bijaipur -Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline linksMumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India. This artery has provided an impetus to India’s gas production. The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas. Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG ) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide popularity in the country.

ELECTRICITY

Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity; and by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal power. Once generated the electricity is exactly the same.

Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water, which is a renewable resource. India has a number of multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project etc.

Thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India.

Nuclear Energy: Nuclear or Atomic Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power. Uranium and thorium, which are available in Jharkhand and the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in thorium. Locate the 6 nuclear power stations and find out the state in which they are located.

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy. Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. Hence, there is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material. These are called non-conventional energy sources.

Solar Energy: Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterilise milk cans. It is expected that use of solar energy will be able to minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.

Wind Power: India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Apart from these, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country.

Biogas: Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal. Biogas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels. The plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.

Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung. It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.

Tidal Energy: Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine.

In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation.

Geo Thermal Energy: Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.

There are several hundred hot springs in India, which could be used to generate electricity. Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES

As discussed earlier, energy consumption is increasing and energy reserves are getting depeleted. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.

India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.

For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles; switching off electricity when not in use, using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy.

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS

Question .1. Give three examples of metallic and three examples of non-metallic minerals?
Answer : Metallic minerals:-(i) Copper (ii) Silver (iii) Gold (iv) Iron (v) Manganese (vi) Tin.
Non-metallic minerals:-(i) Limestone (ii) Mica (iii) Coal (iv) Potash (v) Nitrate (vi) Dolomite (vii) Gypsum (viii) Petroleum.

Question .2. Name four important iron ore producing states of India?
Answer : (i) Chhattisgarh (ii) Orissa (iii) Jharkhand (iv) Goa.

Question .3. Name four manganese ore producing states of India?
Answer : (i) Maharastra (ii) Orissa (iii) Madhya Pradesh (iv) Karnataka

Question .4. Name four bauxite producing states?
Answer : (i) Jharkhand (ii) Gujarat (iii) Maharastra (iv) Orissa.

Question .5. Name three states which are known for the production of mica.?
Answer : (i) Jharkhand (ii) Bihar (iii) Andhra Pradesh.

Question .6. What are conventional sources of energy?
Answer : The sources of energy used on a large scale are conventional sources of energy. These are : wood, coal, petroleum, hydroelectricity and natural gas.

Question .7. What are commercial sources of energy?
Answer : The commercial sources of energy are: coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity and nuclear energy. In India 60% of energy are obtained by commercial energy.

Question .8. Name six non-commercial sources of energy?
Answer : (i) Fire wood (ii) Cowdung (iii) Biomass (iv) Charcoal (v) Tidal (vi) Geothermal.

Question .9. Name three most important coal producing states of India?
Answer : (i) Jharkhand (ii) West Bengal (iii) Orissa.

Question .10. Mention three areas where petroleum is found in India?
Answer : (i) Assam (ii) Gujarat (iii) Mumbai High.

Question .11. Differentiate between metallic and non-metallic minerals?

METALLIC MINERALS	NON-METALLIC MINERALS
1. These occur in igneous rocks.	1. These are found in sedimentary rocks.
2. The rocks have crystalline structure.	2. The rocks are stratified.
3. These are found in impure form, ores.	3. These are found in pure form.
4. These are malleable and ductile.	4. These are brittle.
5. These shine, e.g. iron, copper, silver, etc.	5. These are dull, e.g. coal, salt, etc.

Question .12. Differentiate between Commercial and Non-Commercial energy?

COMMERCIAL ENERGY	NON-COMMERCIAL ENERGY
1. These are coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity and nuclear energy.	1. These are firewood, charcoal, cowdung and agricultural wastes.
2. It is used on a large scale.	2. It is used on a small scale.
3. All are exhaustible resources and cause pollution except hydroelectricity.	3. These are inexhaustible resources of energy and do not cause any pollution.

Question .13. Differentiate between conventional sources of energy and Non-conventional sources of energy?

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY.	NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY.
1. These have been used for some time.	1. These have been recently developed.
2. These are expensive in the long run.	2. These are cheaper in the long run.
3. These are used extensively.	3. These are used locally.
4. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity.	4. Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, atomic energy and Biogas.

Question .14. Differentiate between Anthracite and Bituminous coal?

ANTHRACITE COAL	BITUMINOUS COAL
1. It has more than 80% carbon.	1. It has 60% to 80% carbon.
2. It is black, hard and compact.	2. It is less black, hard and compact.
3. It is the best quality of coal.	3. It is medium quality of coal.
4. It is scarcely available.	4. It is widely available.
5. Found only in Jammu and Kashmir.	5. Found in Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa.

Question .15. Differentiate between Natural gas and Biogas?

NATURAL GAS	BIOGAS
1. It is associated with or without petroleum.	1. It is obtained by the decomposition of organic matter.
2. Used in urban areas.	2. Used in rural areas.
3. Exhaustible.	3. Inexhaustible.
4. Non-replenishable.	4. Replenishable.
5. Used for domestic and industrial purposes.	5. Used for domestic purposes only.
6. Gives less thermal energy.	6. Gives higher thermal energy.

Question .16. Where is the largest wind farm located?
Answer : Tamil Nadu.

Question .17. Where is the largest solar farm located? State some uses of solar energy?
Answer : Madhapur near Bhuj to sterlise milk cane.
Uses of solar energy:-
(i) domestic light
(ii) street light
(iii) solar cookers
(iv) space heating
(v) water heating
(vi) room heating.

Question .18. State the name of minerals in which India is self sufficient and in which poor?
Answer : Self sufficient in – iron and mica. Poor in – copper, gold, lead and zinc.

Question .19. State varieties of iron ores?
Answer : (i) Magnetite – 72% of iron
(ii) Hematite – 60% to 70% of iron
(iii) Limonite – 40% to 60% of iron
(iv) Siderite – 40% to 50% of iron.

Question .20. State uses of limestone and largest producer state of lime stone?
Answer : About 75% of limestone is used in the cement industry, rest is used for smelting of iron and in chemical industries.
Leading producer of limestone is Madhya Pradesh.

Question .21. State any three successful applications of solar energy in our life?
Answer : Successful application of solar energy:-
(i) Cooking (ii) Heating water (iii) Lighting (iv) Cooling purposes.

Question .22. Write briefly two merits of water as a source of power?
Answer : (i) Pollution free
(ii) Renewable.

Question .23. Write briefly two merits of water power?
Answer : (i) Available in plenty (ii) Pollution free (iii) Cheap (iv) Less maintenance cost.

Question .24. Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Answer : (i) India lies in the tropical zone and thus has enough scope for the production and utilization of solar energy.
(ii) The non-conventional sources are plenty, renewable, eco-friendly and pollution free.
(iii) Becoming popular in every parts of the country and can be used for cooking, lighting, pumping, heating water and cooling.

Question .25. Describe the distribution of iron ore in India?
Answer : (i) Magnetite and haematite are found in Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Orissa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharastra and Rajasthan.
(ii) Most of them comes from Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh, Orissa, Goa and Karnataka.
(iii) Some major mines are:-
(a) Singhbhum in Jharkhand
(b) Durg and Dantewara in Chhatisgarh
(c) Koenjhar and Mayurbhanj in Orissa
(d) Nort Goa in Goa
(e) Bellary in Karnataka.

Question .26. Describe the distribution of coal in India?
Answer : (i) Anthracite is found in Jammu and Kashmir
(ii) Bituminus is found in Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chhatisgarh and Madhya Pradesh
(iii) Lignite is found in Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan.

Question .27. How will you use and conserve energy efficiently?
Answer : To conserve energy we should:-
(i) use public transport system as far as possible.
(ii) Switch off electricity if not required.
(iii) use power saving devices.
(iv) regularly check our power equipments.
(v) emphasise on greater use of conventional sources of energy.

Question .28. Describe any two facts regarding the importance of manganese in our daily life. Also name the four states which are known for its production?
Answer : Use of manganese:-
(i) for making iron and steel
(ii) for preparing alloys
(iii) to manufacture bleaching powder, insecticides, paints and batteries.
Producing states of manganese:-
(i) Karnataka
(ii) Orissa
(iii) Madhya Pradesh
(iv) Maharastra.

Question .29.Describe any two facts regarding the importance of bauxite. Name the four major states which are known for its production?
Answer : Bauxite is an ore of aluminium which are used for manufacturing of aeroplanes, utensils and other household goods.
Major states producing Bauxite are:-
(i) Orissa (ii) Maharastra (iii) Gujarat (iv) Madhya Pradesh.

Question .30. What are the two main qualities of iron ore deposits of India? Name the two types of iron ore mainly found in the country. Which are the two states known for the production of iron ore?
Answer : (i) It is found in the close proximity to coal.
(ii) Iron ore deposits are found in Chhota Nagpur Plateau. Magnetite and Haematite are mainly found in India.
(iii) Major iron ore producing states in India are Jharkhand and Chhatisgarh.

Question .31. “Hydel power is more important source of energy than thermal power”. Discuss this facts with four examples?
Answer : Hydel power is a renewable source as it is produced from water moving with a great speed.On the other hand coal, petroleum and natural gas are non-renewable. Hydel power is neat and clean and pollution free with less maintenance cost. It is transported easily through wires.

Question .32. Why is coal called the most important source of energy even today? Explain any four reasons.
Answer : (i) It is most important for the Iron and Steel Industry.
(ii) Major raw materials for chemical industries.
(iii) Over two-third of the coal in India is used to produce electricity in thermal power plant.

Question .33. State the facts about iron-ore found in India with reference to the following:
(i) two types of ores,
(ii) leading states in their deposits,
(iii) two exporting ports, and
(iv) major destination of the exports.
Answer : (i) Magnetite and Haematite
(ii) Jharkhand and Chhatisgarh
(iii) Marmagao in Goa and Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh
(iv) Japan and Korea.

Question .34. State the facts about coal found in India with reference to the following:
(i) Their total reserves
(ii) Annual production
(iii) Two important coal fields
(iv) Two major uses
Answer : (i) About 214,000 million tones.
(ii) Annual production = 330 million tones.
(iii) Raniganj in West Bengal and Bokaro in Jharkhand.
(iv) Uses – generation of electricity and for making iron and steel.

Question .35. State two main uses of Copper. Also, mention four major Copper producing districts of India?
Answer : (i) Uses – It is used for making electric wires, utensils and alloys.
(ii) Major Copper producing districts – Khetri in Rajasthan, Nelore in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Question .36.Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?

Solar energy has a bright future in India because —
1 India being a tropical country receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year
2 Solar plants can be easily established in rural and remote areas
3. It will minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture

CHAPTER: 03 | MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING

Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.

Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous.

Contribution of Industry to National Economy

Over the last two decades, the share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 per cent of GDP out of a total of 27 per cent for the industry which includes 10 per cent for mining, quarrying, electricity and gas. This is much lower in comparison to some East Asian economies, where it is 25 to 35 per cent. The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade has been around 7 per cent per annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12 per cent. Since 2003, manufacturing is once again growing at the rate of 9 to 10 per cent per annum. With appropriate policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry to improve productivity, economists predict that manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade. The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objective.

Industrial Location

Industrial locations are complex in nature. These are influenced by availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. It is rarely possible to find all these factors available at one place. Consequently, manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are either available or can be arranged at lower cost. After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes, industries are located in or near the cities.

Thus, industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres known as agglomeration economies. Gradually, a large industrial agglomeration takes place.

Classification of Industries:

Classification on the basis of source of raw materials used:

1. Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.

2. Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

Classification according to their main role:

1. Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. Iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.

2. Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

Classification on the basis of capital investment:

1. A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.

2. If investment is more than one crore on any industry then it is known as a large scale industry.

On the basis of ownership:

1. Public sector owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.

2. Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals –Reliance, TATA, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

3. Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.

4. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala. Example: Amul, Lijjat Papd.

Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:

1. Heavy industries such as iron and steel

2. Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.

AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES

Textile Industry:The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to industrial production (14 per cent), employment generation (35 million persons directly thesecond largest after agriculture) and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 per cent). It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP. It is the only industry in the country, which is selfreliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

History of Cotton Textiles in India:

In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques. After the 18th century , power looms came into use. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the millmade cloth from England.

T oday , there are nearly 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country . About 80 per cent of these are in the private sector and the rest in the public and cooperative sectors. Apart from these, there are several thousand small factories with four to ten looms. In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Ma harashtra and Gujarat.

Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour , moist climate, etc. contributed towards its localisation. This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing. The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.

India exports yarn to Japan. Other importers of cotton goods from India are U.S.A. , U.K. , Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and African countries.

India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles in the world, next to China, at around 34 million (200304). Since the mideighties, the spinning sector has received a lot of attention. We have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn, accounting for one fourth of the total trade. However , our trade in garments is only 4 per cent of the world’s total. Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fibres we produce. The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country .

There are some large and modern factories in these segments, but most of the production is in fragmented small units, which cater to the local market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry. As a result, many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel/garment manufactures have to import fabric.

Although, we have made significant increase in the production of good quality long staple cotton (9232 lakh bales in 200405), the need to import is still felt. Power supply is erratic and machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in particular . Other problems are the low output of labour and stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry .

Jute Textiles

India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. There are about 70 jute mills in India. Most of these are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained inIndia but threefourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh.

F actors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are: proximity of the jute producing areas, inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills, abundant water for processing raw jute, cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar , Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

The jute industry supports 2.61 lakh workers directly and another 40 lakhs small and marginal farmers who are engaged in cultivation of jute and mesta. Many more people are assoc iated indirectly .

Challenges faced by the industry include stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. However , the internal demand has been on the increase due to the Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging. T o stimulate demand, the products need to be diversified. In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity , improving quality , ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare. The main markets are U.S.A. , Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, U.K. and Australia. The growing global concern for environment friendly , biodegradable materials, has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

Sugar Industry

India stands second asa world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of gur and khandsari. The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces. There are over 460 sugar mills in the country spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar , Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar . This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector .

In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra, This is because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content. The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season. Moreover,the cooperatives are more successful in these states

Major challenges include the seasonal nature of the industry , old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay in reaching cane to factories and the need to maximise the use of baggase.

MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES

Iron and Steel Industry

The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy , medium and light, depend on it for their machinery . Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.

Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’ s development. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of manganese are also required to harden the steel.

Today with 32. 8 million tons of steel production, India ranks ninth among the world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. Inspite of large quantity of production of steel, per capita consumption per annum is only 32 kg.

In the 1950s China and India produced almost the same quantity of steel. Today , China is the largest producer . China is also the world’s largest consumer of steel. In 2004, India was the largest exporter of steel which accounted for 2.25 per cent of the global steel trade.

Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. It is largely , because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry . These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in pro ximity , cheap labour and vast growth po tential in the home market.

Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet, we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to:

I. High costs and limited availability of coking coal

II. Lower productivity of labour

III. Irregular supply of energy and

IV. Poor infrastructure.

We also import good quality steel from other countries. However , the overall production of steel is sufficient to meet our domestic demand. Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs. There is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more computatitively .

Aluminium

In 2004, India produced over 600 million tons of aluminium. Bauxite, the raw material used in the smelters is a very bulky , dark redd ish coloured rock. The flow chart given below shows the process of manufacturing aluminium. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for location of the industry .

Aluminium Smelting: Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, mallable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper , zinc and lead in a number of industries. There are 8 aluminium smelting plants in the country located in Orissa (Nalco and Balco), West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pr adesh, Chattisgarh.

Cement Industry

Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments. This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed ap art from rail transportation.

The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries. The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. After Independence the industry expanded. Decontrol of price and distribution since 1989 and other policy reforms led the cement industry to make rapid strides in capacity , process, technology and production. There are 128 large plants and mini cement plants in the country . India produces a variety of cement.

Improvement in the quality has found the produce a read ily available market in East Asia, Middle East, Africa and South Asia apart from a large demand within the country . This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as export. Efforts are being made to generate adequate domestic demand and supply in order to sustain this industry .

Chemical Industries

The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP . It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in term of its size. It comprises both large and small scale manufacturing units. Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda. These industries are widely spread over the country.

Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber , plastics, dyestuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer . Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.

Fertilizer Industry

The fertilizer industry is centered around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea), phosphate fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K). The third, i.e. potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any for m. India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers. There are 57 fertiliser units manufacturing nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilizers, 29 for urea and 9 for producing ammonium sulphate as a byproduct and 68 other small units produce single superphosphate. At present, there are 10 public sector undertakings and one in cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat under the fertilizer Corporation of India.

After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country . Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half the fertilizer production. Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar , Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Automobile Industry

Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers. Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, threewheelers and multiutility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres. After the liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and threewheelers. This industry had experienced a quantum jump in less than 15 years. Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments. At present, there are 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and multiutility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of the two and threewheelers. The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry

The electronics industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry. Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. 18 software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. Upto 31 March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number is expected to increase eightfold in the next 3 to 4 years. It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women. This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector . The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Although industries contribute significantly to India’s economic growth and development, the increase in pollution of land, water , air , noise and resulting degradation of environment that they have caused, cannot be overlooked. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise.

The polluting industries also include thermal power plants. Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mistand smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with longterm effects. Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole. Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper , pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbo n, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash, phospo gypsum and iron and teel slags are the major solid wastes in India. Thermal pollution of wa ter occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is dr ained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil and water pollution are closely related.

Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.

Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger , it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction activities, machinery , factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise.

CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater . How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are

I. minimizing use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages

II. harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements

III. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

T reatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases

I. Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.

II. Secondary treatment by biological process

III. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.

Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally . Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earp lugs and earphones. NTPC shows the way

NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001. The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water , oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.

This has been possible through

I. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.

II. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

III. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.

IV. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.

V. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS (TEXTUAL QUESTIONS INCLUDED)

Short Answer Type Questions:

Q#1 Name four physical factors that affect location of industries.

Ans. Four physical factors that affect the location of the industries are: -

i. Availability of raw materials

ii. Power resources

iii. Favourable climate

iv. Water

Q#2 Name three human inputs that control location of industries.

Ans. i. Labour ii. Market iii. Transport Facilities.

Q#3 What are light industries?

Ans. Industries which require light raw materials and produce light goods are called light industries. Industries producing electric fans and sewing machines are examples of light industries.

Q#4 Name four important textile centres of Maharashtra.

Ans. The four important cotton textile centres of Maharashtra are: -i. Mumbai ii. Sholapur iii. Pune iv. Wardha

Q#5 Why are the most of the jute mills of India located in West Bengal?

Ans. The most of jute mills are located in West Bengal due to availability of raw materials, favourable climatic conditions and inexpensive water transportation system.

Q#6 Name two most important sugar producing states of India.

Ans. U.P. and Maharashtra are the two most important sugar producing states of India.

Q#7 Name two iron and steel producing plants each of Karnataka and West Bengal.

Ans. The two iron and steel producing plants of Karnataka are: -a) Visweswaraya Iron and Steel Ltd., Bhadravati and b) Vijayanagar Steel Plant.

The two iron and steel producing plants of West Bengal are: -a) Durgapur Steel Plant (with British collaboration) and b) Indian Iron and Steel Company, Burnpur.

Q#8 Name five electronic goods producing centres of India.

Ans. Bangalore, Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai are the five electronic goods producing centres of India.

Q#9 What is the annual production of cement in the country at present?

Ans. The annual production of cement in the country at present is 100 million tonnes.

Long Answer Type Questions (Textual )

Q#2 Describe briefly the distribution of railway equipment industry in India.

What is meant by rolling stock and where is it produced in India?

Ans. Indian railways are a symbol of the growing level of technology in the country. It produces all the requirements of its rolling stock, i.e., railway engines, wagons and coaches. Railway engines are of three types: steam, diesel and electric. The steam engines are now replaced by diesel and electric engines because these are fuel efficient and pollution-free. Engines are manufactured at Chittranjan in West Bengal, Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh and Jamshedpur in Jharkhand. Rails and sleeper bars are manufactured at iron and steel plants. Coaches are manufactured at Perambur, Banglore, Kapurthala and Kolkata, while as wagons are produced in private sectors and railway workshops.

Q#3 Why is the Iron and Steel Industry located in Peninsular India only?

Ans. The Iron and Steel Industry is located in Peninsular India only because of various reasons which are discussed as under: -

i. Availability of raw material: - Iron and Steel is a heavy industry using heavy and bulky raw materials. These raw materials are abundantly available in this part of the country. The north-eastern and southern parts of Peninsular India are rich in minerals and are, thus, suitable for location of Iron and Steel Industry.

ii. Availability of Roads:- Peninsular part of India provides efficient network of railways and roadways which greatly help in the transportation of heavy and bulky raw materials.

iii. Ports:- Excellent port facilities available in this part of the country help in the export of iron and steel manufactured goods.

iv. Labour:- Skilled and non-skilled labour is cheaply available here.

v. Market:- It provides large indigenous and ready market for the finished products.

vi. These were an early start of this industry in Peninsular India. Hence, this industry picked up momentum here with the passage of time.

Q#4 Describe briefly the distribution of silk textile industry in India.

Ans. Silk Textile Industry is an important textile industry in India. It produces about 8.5 lakh Kg of silk yarn. India is well known for the production of silk and silk goods. The four varieties of silk, namely mulberry, tasar, eri and muga are produced in the country. There are about 90 silk textile mills in India. Besides, small and medium units are also engaged in the production of silk textiles. More than nine tenths of the production comes from Karnataka, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir. Main silk manufacturing centres are: -

a. Karnataka: - Bangalore, Kolar, Mysore and Belgaum.

b. West Bengal: - Murshidabad and Bankura.

c. Jammu and Kashmir: - Anantnag, Baramulla and Srinagar.

Q#5 Describe the distribution of ship building industry in India?

Ans. Ship building is an important industry. Overseas shipping has an extremely important role to play in India’s international trade. The country has the largest merchant shipping fleet among the developing countries. Ship building is a large industry which requires huge capital. At present there are five major ship building centres in India. They are Vishakapatnam, Kolkata, Kochi, Mumbai and Marmagao. They are all in public sector. The private sector shipyards look after the local needs. Large ships take years to complete once the work begins,. The maximum size of ship that can be constructed at Kochi and Vishakhapatnam are 100000 dead weight tonnage and 50000 dead weight tonnage respectively. For repair of ships there are 17 dry docks in India.

Q#6 How does industrial pollution degrade environment?

Ans. The undesirable change in the colour, odour, taste and composition of air, water and land is referred to as pollution. It is caused by the addition of harmful substances. Industries have greatly added to air, water and land pollution.

Air pollution: - Industries cause air pollution by emitting smoke and undesirable gases like CO, SO₂, dust, fume and mist. Chlorofluoro carbons (CFC’S) also pollute the air.

Water pollution: - Water is polluted by the addition of industrial effluents to water bodies. Some common pollutants of water are coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides, fertilizers, plastics and rubber. Paper pulp, textiles, chemicals, petroleum, refining, tannery and electroplating industries are the main source of water pollution. It results in many water borne diseases and also disturbs ecological balance.

Noise pollution: - The small and big machines in industries produce lot of noise due to friction between various parts of machine. It causes discomfort to humans.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (Very short Answer type)

Q#1 How can we measure economic strength of a country?

Ans. We can measure the economic strength of a country from the development of manufacturing industries.

Q#2 Where and when was the first cotton textile mill set up in India?

Ans. It was set up in Mumbai in 1854.

Q#3 When and where did smelting of iron ore in modern India begin?

Ans. It began in 1830 in Tamil Nadu.

Q#4 When did planned development of manufacturing industries in India begin?

Ans. It began in 1951 with the launching of the first Five Year Plan.

Q#5 What two factors contribute to the location of individual industries?

Ans. i. Physical factors ii. Human factors

Q#6 Classify industries on the basis of the size of labour.

Ans. On the basis of size of labour industries are classified into:-1. large Scale Industry e.g. Cotton Textile Industry

2. Medium Scale Industries e.g. television, cycle and sewing machine industries

3. Small Scale Industries e.g., gur and khandsari industries.

Q#7 How are industries classified on the basis of raw materials?

Ans. 1. Heavy industries such as Iron and Steel Industry

2. Light industries such as electric fans and sewing machine producing industries.

Q#8 Classify industries on the basis of ownership.

Ans. 1. Private Sector Industries like Tata Iron & Steel Company (TISCO)

2. Public Sector Industries, like Bhilai Steel Plant

3. Joint Sector Industries, like Oil India Ltd.

4. Co-operative Sector Industries, like Sugar Mills

Q#9 How would you classify industries on the basis of source of raw material?

Ans. 1. Agro-based industries such as, Cotton textile, Jute textile, Sugar Industry etc.

2. Mineral based industries such as Iron and Steel Industry.

Q#10 How many cotton and synthetic textile mills are there in the country and how many persons do they employ?

Ans. There are about 1600 such mills employing over 1.5 million persons.

Q#11 Which two places are the main cotton textile industry centres in India?

Ans. They are Mumbai in Maharashtra and Ahmedabad in Gujrat.

Q#12 Name the factors which contribute towards the concentration of an industry at a certain place.

Ans. They are wide market, availability of raw materials, transport, banking facilities, abundant power supply and cheap labour.

Q#13 What are the burning problems of the Cotton Industry?

Ans. The burning problems of Cotton Textile Industry are scarcity of good quality cotton, obsolete machinery, erratic power supply, low productivity of labour and stiff competition with Synthetic Fibre Industry.

Q#14 Which states have greater concentration of cotton textiles?

Ans. Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Q#15 Which countries are the main importers of India cotton goods?

Ans. The U. S. A, the U. K, Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri-Lanka and African countries are the main importers of Indian cotton goods.

Q#16 What %age of cotton cloth is produced in decentralized sector?

Ans. 93% of the cotton cloth is produced in decentralized sector.

Q#17 What is the rank of India in the production of raw jute and jute goods?

Ans. India ranks number one in the production of raw jute and jute goods.

Q#18 Which state of India is the largest producer of jute goods?

Ans. West Bengal produces over 80% of jute goods.

Q#19 How many jute mills are there in India at present?

Ans. There are about 70 jute mills in India.

Q#20 Which countries are the main buyers of Indian jute?

Ans. The USA, Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic, Australia and the UK are the main buyers of Indian jute.

Q#21 Name chief centres of woollen textile industry in India.

Ans. The chief centres of Woollen Textile Industry in India are Dhariwal, Ludhiana, Mumbai, Kanpur, Shahjahahanpur, Agra, Mirzapur, Ahmedabad, Jamnagar, Panipat Gurgaon, Bikaner, Jaipur, Srinagar and Bangalore.

Q#22 From which country do we import good quality wool?

Ans. We import good quality wool from Australia.

Q#23 Name the countries to which India exports its woollen goods?

Ans. India exports its woollen goods to the U.S.A, Russia, the U.K, Canada and several other European countries.

Q#24 Where and when was the first cement plant set up?

Ans. It was set up at Chennai in 1904.

Q#34 Which are the two centres of copper production in India?

Ans. They are:- i. Maubhandar near Ghatshila in Singhbhum district in Jharkand and ii. Khetri in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan.

Q#35 Name the countries from which India imports copper to fulfil its requirements.

Ans. They are Zambia, Chile, the USA and Canada.

Q#36 Which are the two categories of Chemical Industries?

Ans. They are:- i. Inorganic Chemical Industry and ii. Organic Chemical Industry.

Q#37 Where and when was the first fertilizer plant set up in India?

Ans. The first fertilizer plant in India was set up at Ranipet in Tamil Nadu in 1906.

Q#38 Name the fertilizer plant which was set up in 1951 by the Fertilizer Corporation of India.

Ans. It was Sindri Fertilizer Plant.

Q#39 Name the raw materials which are used in the manufacturing of cement.

Ans. They are: limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

Q#40 Where and when was the first cement plant set up in India?

Ans. It was set up in Chennai in 1904.

Q#41 What is the annual production of cement in the country at present?

Ans. It is 100 million tonnes.

Q#42 Name the three types of railway engines.

Ans. They are: Steam, Diesel and Electric.

Q#43 Where are the railway engines manufactured in India?

Ans. They are manufactured at Chittranjan in West Bengal, Varanasi in UP, and Jamshedpur in Jharkhand.

Q#44 Where are the railway coaches produced in India?

Ans. They are produced at Perambur, Bangalore, Kapurthala and Kolkata.

Q#45 What position does India occupy in the production of three wheelers in the world?

Ans. It occupies the second position in the production of three wheelers in the world.

Q#46 Which are the five major ship building centres in India?

Ans. They are; Visakhapatnam, Kolkata, Kochi, Mumbai and Marmagao.

Q#47 What do you mean by DWT? What does DWT stand for?

Ans. It stands for Dead Weight Tonnage. (weight of empty ship)

Q#48 Name the places where India has developed her Aircraft Industry for defence requirements?

Ans. These places are Bangalore, Koraput, Nasik, Hyderabad, Kanpur and Lucknow.

Q#49 Which city of India has emerged as the electronic capital of India?

Ans. It is Bangalore.

Q#50 Which four types of pollution are created by industries?

Ans. Air, water, land and noise pollution are created by industries.

Q#51 Name the two gases which cause air pollution.

Ans. They are: Carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide.

Q#52 Which are the major pollutants of water?

Ans. Industrial effluents.

Q#53 Name the industries which create water pollution?

Ans. They are: paper pulp, textile, chemical, petroleum, refining, tannery and electroplating.

Q#54 Name a few equipments to control aerosol emissions.

Ans They are: inertial separators, filters, precipitators and scrubbers.

Q#55 Write a short note on the copper smelting industry in India.

Ans. The copper smelting plant in India was set up by the Indian Copper Corporation at Ghatshila in Jharkhand. The Hindustan Copper Ltd. took over the Indian Copper Corporation in 1972 and since then it has been the sole producer of copper in the country.

This industry has two centres at Maubhandar near Ghatshila in Singhbhum district and the other at Khetri in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan.Malanjkhand mines of Balaghat district (M.P) supplement the supply of copper ore to Khetri.

A new copper project based on imported ore is being set up at Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu.India produces 43 thousand tonnes of copper blister (partly purified) which is only half of the requirement and the remaining half is imported from Zambia, Chile, United States of America and Canada.

Q#56 Write a short note on the development of Chemical Industries in India.

Ans. The Indian Chemical Industry occupies an important position in the country’s economy. This industry is growing fast. Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic chemical industries. Heavy inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (which is used for the manufacturing of fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, paints and dyestuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (which is used for the manufacture of glass, paper, soap and detergents) and caustic soda. Heavy organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of articles like synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. The inorganic chemical industries are widely spread while organic chemical industries are located near oil refineries and petrochemical plants.

Production of pesticides has contributed much to agriculture by controlling insects and weeds. In the production of pharmaceuticals, India leads among the developing countries. It contributes 14% of the production of entire manufacturing sector and its share in export is also 14%.

Short type questions: -

Q#57 What is meant by the term industry? What is the importance of industries?

Ans. Industry is a complex organization formed by machines, raw material, labour, power etc. Industry enhances the value of the raw materials through the manufacturing process in a factory. For instance, making cloth from cotton iron, from iron ore, sugar from sugarcane etc.

Importance of industries: -

i. Industries convert raw materials into utilities.

ii. They generate employment opportunities.

iii. They help in raising the standard of living.

iv. They promote our international trade to earn much needed foreign exchange.

v. They help to increase the national income.

vi. They enhance value of goods.

Q#62 Why is the iron and steel industry called basic industry?

Ans. Iron and Steel Industry is called the basic industry because large number of other industries are dependent on it. It provides them with basic machinery, iron rods and sheets. It is an index of industrial and economic development.

Q#63 Write differences between basic or key industries and consumer industries.

Ans. Basic or key industries: - are those industries on which a number of other industries depend. They provide other industries with machines. Machine Building Plant at Ranchi is one of the examples of this industry.

Consumer Industries:-They produce goods for the consumption of people. These are basically commodities of daily use. Their products are readily available in the market. This industry requires small investment as compared to the basic industries. Industries manufacturing cosmetics, pens, toothpastes, chocolates etc. are some of the examples of this industry.

Q#64 Write differences between Large Scale Industries and Small Scale Industries

Ans. Large Scale Industries

1. These industries employ large number of workers.

2. Large quantities of finished products are manufactured in these industries.

3. In these industries quantity of raw material and capital investment is very large.

4. Women workers are not generally employed in these industries.

5. Market for this type of industry is also very large.

6. Cotton and jute textile industry is an example of such industry.

Small Scale Industry

1. These industries employ small number of workers.

2. Small quantities of finished products are manufactured in these industries.

3. In these industries quantity of raw material and capital investment is comparatively very small.

4. Women workers are employed in large number in these industries.

5. Market for this type of industry is relatively small.

6. Soap making, bidi making, match making industries are the examples of such industry.

Q#65 Distinguish between Public Sector and Private Sector Industries.

Ans. Public Sector Industry

1. These industries are owned by the government of the country.

2. These industries are directly or indirectly managed by the government.

3. Bhilai Steel Plant and Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. are the examples of such industry.

4. All the capital is invested by the government.

Private Sector Industry: -

1. These industries are owned by individuals.

2. These are not managed by the government.

3. Bajaj Auto and Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) are the examples of such industry.

4. All the capital is invested by the individuals or private firms.

Q#66 What are the important ingredients of modern industry?

The important ingredients of modern industry are:-

1. Raw material in bulk and their regular supply is the first and foremost pre requisite.

2. Skilled, well qualified and efficient labour and managerial personal are needed.

3. Huge capital for purchasing raw materials, setting up power driven machines for mass

production, employing labour on a large scale etc. are required.

4. A large market and efficient network of transport and communication are needed to bring raw materials to the industry and to transport finished goods to the market for human consumption.

5. Good transportation system is also an important component of modern industry.

Q#67 Write an essay on the development and distribution of Cotton Textile Industry in India. Also write down the problems which industry is facing.

Ans. Development of Cotton Industry: -Indian monopoly in the manufacturing of cotton textile is very old. The first cotton textile mill, however, was established in Mumbai in 1854. Indian cotton textile industry developed rapidly after independence due to introduction of various policies and programmes by the government from time to time. Today cotton textile is the largest industry of India. It gives employment to over 1.5 million persons which comprise about 20% of the industrial labour force of the country.

There are about 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country. Of this 79% are in private sector and the rest in public and co-operative sectors. Apart from these, there are several thousand factories which have five to ten looms. Today 93% of the cotton cloth is produced in decentralized sector that is other than mills.

Distribution of Cotton Textile Industry:- Maharashtra and Gujarat lead the country in the production of cotton textiles, with Mumbai and Ahmedabad as twin centres. The other centres are Sholapur, Pune, Wardha, Nagpur, Aurangabad and Jalgaon in Maharashtra and Vadodara Surat, Rajkot and Porbandar in Gujarat. Haora, Murshibabad, Hugli and Silampur are located in West Bengal. Agra and Modinagar are important centres in U.P. Gwalior, Ujjain, Indore and Dewas are the major centres of Madhya Pradesh, Chennai and Madurai in Tamil Nadu are the other important cotton textile centres.

Problems from which industry suffers: -

1. Scarcity of good quality cotton.

2. Obsolete machinery.

3. Erratic power supply.

4. Low productivity of labour.

5. Stiff competition with synthetic fibre industry.

Trade: - India exports cotton textiles mostly in the form of readymade garments. The U.S.A, the U.K, Russia, France, east European countries, Nepal, Sri-Lanka and African countries are the main importers of Indian cotton goods.

Q#68 Write a note on development distribution and trade of jute textile in India. Also give reasons for the concentration of jute industry on the Hugli river.

Ans. Jute textile is the second important industry next to cotton textile. India ranks number one in the production of raw jute and jute goods. It is number two in export of jute goods in the world after Bangladesh.

Distribution:-There are about 70 jute mills in India. Most of them are located in West Bengal along the river Hugli. Over 80% of the jute goods are produced in West Bengal. Andhra Pradesh produces about 10%. Rest is produced in Bihar, U.P, M.P, Orissa, Assam and Tripura. The most of the jute mills are concentrated on the banks of river Hugli because of the following reasons:-

i. About 90% of India’s jute is produced in Ganga Brahmaputra delta so there is enough and regular supply of jute to this industry.

ii. Availability of coal in neighbouring areas.

iii. Kolkota provides excellent port facilities for the import of machinery and export of finished jute products.

iv. There is no dearth of finances to be invested.

v. Cheap water transportation with a wide network of roads for distribution of finished products.

vi. Cheap skilled and unskilled labour is available from densely populated cities of West Bengal and the neighbouring states of Bihar and U.P.

vii. Abundant supply of water for processing and dyeing is available.

viii. Hot and humid climatic conditions also favour jute industry.

Trade: - Before independence and even afterwards, the jute industry brought sizeable amount of foreign exchange. The main buyers of Indian jute products are the USA, Canada, Russia, UAE, Australia and the U.K.

Challenges faced by the industry

The demand for jute carpets and packaging materials is reducing day by day because of the high production cost and stiff competition in international market. Besides, synthetic substitutes are easily available in the market at cheap rates.

Q# 69 Write a note on Woollen Textile Industry.

Ans. It is one of the oldest textile industries of the country. The main concentration of woollen textile industry is in the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P, Gujarat, Haryana and Rajasthan.

Distribution of woolen textile industry: -

i. In Punjab, Dhariwal, Ludhiana and Amritsar are the major centres.

ii. In Maharashtra, Mumbai is the chief centre.

iii. In U.P, Kanpur, Shahjahanpur, Agra and Mirzapur are the important centres.

iv. In Gujarat, Ahmedabad and Jamnagar are the main centres.

v. Panipat and Gurgaon are the centres of Haryana.

vi. Srinagar in J&K.

vii. Bangalore in Karnataka is an important woollen textile centre.

Trade: - Good quality raw wool is imported from Australia. India exports woollen goods to the U.S.A., Russia, the U.K, Canada and several European countries.

Problems of this industry: -Shortage of raw wool, lack of internal market and low quality of woolen products are some of the problems of this industry.

Q#71 Write short notes on: -

a. Fertilser Industry and

b. Cement industry

Ans. Fertiliser Industry

Fertiliser has become a very important input in Indian agriculture especially after the GreenRevolution. Soil must be fed regularly with additional nutrients like nitrogen, phosphate and potash. Fertilizers hold the key to success in agriculture, together with high yielding varieties of seeds and intensive irrigation. The progress in this industry is evident from the fact that India produces about 11 million tonnes of nitrogenous, 4 million tonnes of phospheric and 1.7 million tonnes of potassic fertilizers.

Fertilizer industries are in public, private, joint and Co-operative sectors. Because of the easy availability of natural gas, the fertilizer industry is wide spread in the country. Gujarat,Tamil Nadu, U.P, Punjab and Kerala produce more than half of the total fertiliser production in India. Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West-Bengal, Goa, Delhi, M.P and Karnataka are other important producers.

Cement Industry: -

Cement industry is the index of the growing industries and construction work. The major raw materials of this industry are limestone, clay, silica, alumina and gypsum and large quantities of fresh water. Coal and electric power are its other requirements. Hence this is said to be raw material oriented industry. The first cement plant was set up at Chennai in 1904. The industry expanded mainly after independence. Today there are 119 large and 300 mini cement plants in the country. They together have an installed capacity of 131 million tonnes of cement per annum. The annual production of cement in the country at present is 100 million tonnes.

Q#72 Write a note on the development and chief centres of electronic industry in India.

Ans. Electronic industry covers a wide range of products, ranging from transistor sets to television sets. It also produces telephone exchanges, cellular telecoms, pagers, computers and various other equipments used in posts and telegraph offices. This industry also looks after the needs of defence equipments, railways, airways, space, flights and metrologicaldepartments.

This industry has changed the country’s economy and the quality of human life. Television industry grew as hardware in the nineties. Besides, hardware, the country has earned high reputation in the development of software. The production of audio system registered a remarkable growth in recent years.

Centres of electronic industry; -

1. Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India.

2. Software technology parks have been developed at 18 centres in the country. These centres provide single window service and high data communication facility to the software experts. India produces electronic goods worth Rs. 68,450 crores. Contribution of electronic goods to the total export trade of India is 2.4%.

Q#73 Suggest measures to control environmental degradations.

Ans. The following measures should be taken to control the fast environmental degradations:

1. Careful planning:-Much of the pollution can be prevented by careful planning and shifting of industries out of the residential areas. In this direction, the supreme court of India has directed the Delhi government to shift all such health hazard industries out of the municipal limits in order to save the citizens from their harmful effects.

2. Use Of New Equipments:-The use of sophisticated, better designed equipment goes a long way in controlling environmental degradation. Besides, such equipment must be operated skillfully and in a better way.

3. Fuel selection and utilization:-Since coal, diesel and petrol are the major pollutants of

environment, we should avoid their use in our daily life. We should use oil instead of

coal in the industries and Compressed Natural Gas instead of diesel and petrol.

4. Equipments to control Aerosol:-To control aerosol emission we should use such equipment as inertial operators, filters, precipitators and scrubbers.

5. Control of water pollution: - Water pollution by industries can be controlled by treatment of industrial liquids before discharging them into the rivers.

This can be done in three phases: -a. Primary treatment :-( By mechanical process) it includes, grinding, sedimentation etc.

b. Secondary treatment :-( By biological process) it involves use of biological processes.

c. Tertiary treatment :-( By biological, physical and chemical process) it includes recycling of waste waters.

6. Control of soil and land pollution: -

It involves following activities: -a. Collection of wastes from different places.

b. Dumping and disposing of the wastes by land-filling.

c. Recycling of the wastes for further use.

7. Other measures: -a. Legal measures and public awareness.

b. Mineral conservation

c. Planting of trees and creating mini-forest areas.

d. Use of higher quality coal for thermal plants.

Q#74 Give reasons for the rapid expansion of sugar industry in peninsular India.

Ans. The following are the reasons for the expansion of sugar industry in peninsular India:-

i. Sugarcane produced in south has higher sugar content than those of the northern states due to the fertile soil.

ii. Cooperative Sector has a better headway in the south as sugar industry is a seasonal industry and labour cannot be employed in this industry all the year round.

iii. Most of the mills are near sugar producing areas which save transport cost. Besides, this industry in the south is equipped with modern machinery, hence the cost of production is less. Sugar being our export items and earner of foreign exchange is better suited to southern states, which have better port facilities than northern states.

Q#75 Write a short note on sugar industry.

Ans. India is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world. It ranks first in the production of sugar along with Khandsari and Gur. As sugar industry is based on sugarcane which is

heavy, weight losing and perishable, the mills are located close to sugarcane producing areas.

There are over 460 sugar mills in the country. Around 50% of them are in U.P. and Maharashtra. Most of the sugar mills are located in these two states because of the cheap availability of labour and abundance of electricity. Besides, they are said to be the home of the sugarcane crop. Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujrat are also important producers of sugar in the country. Indian sugar industry produced about 195 lac tones of sugar in 2000-2001.

Q#76 Distinguish between Agro based and Mineral based industries.

Agro Based Industry

I. These industries derive their raw materials from agriculture.

II. These industries mostly produce consumer goods.

III. Examples of such industries are:- Cotton and Jute textile Industry, Vegetable Oil Industry, Sugar Industry etc.

Mineral based industry

I. These industries derive their raw materials from minerals.

II. There industries produce consumer as well as value-based goods.

III. Examples of such industries are:- Iron and Steel Industries, Engineering Industry, Ship Building Industry etc.

Q#77 Write a note on Iron and Steel industry.

Ans. History of iron and steel industry:-The first iron and steel unit in India was established in 1830 at Porta Nova in Tamil Nadu, but it was closed down. Modest beginning of the modern steel industry was then made at Kulti in West Bengal in 1864. The concept of large scale production, however, could materialize only with the establishment of a steel plant at Jamshedpur in 1907, then came Burpur in West Bengal and Bhadravati steel plant in Karnataka. This industry involves capital investment of about Rs.90,000 and provides employment to about 5,00000 people.

At present there are 10 primary integrated Iron and Steel plants and around 200 decentralized secondary units known as mini steel plants in the country. Besides there areseveral rolling and re-rolling mills and foundaries that manufacture different items of steel using pig-iron and steelignots. Most of the foundaries are concentrated in Maharastha Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Requirements of the industry:- Iron and steel industry is a basic industry and an index of modernization and industrialization. It calls for huge investment for basic infra strcture, efficient means of modern transport and communication and abundant fuel and power supply. It also calls for continual updating of technology through research and development.

Raw materials: - Iron and steel is a heavy industry. It uses heavy and bulky raw materials namely iron ore, coal, limestone and manganese ore. The location of this industry, therefore, is governed by its close proximity to raw materials except the vishakhapatnam steel plant, which has a coastal location. All other integrated iron and steel plants of the country are located in the mineral rich north eastern and southern part of the Indian peninsula.

Q#78 What is single window service?

Ans. Single window service is a type of service provided by electronic and communication centre. In single window service, a single place provides various types of services. It has mainly benefited business class as they can send and obtain documents related to export and import. This service is the outcome of advancement in Science and technology.

Q#79 Name the aircrafts produced by India for defence purpose.

Ans. Mig – 21, Kiran (jet trainer), (Supersonic jet interceptor) Marut (Supersonic jet fighter)

Q#80 What is a cooperative sector industry?

Ans. A cooperative sector industry is owned and run cooperatively by a group of people, who are mostly producers of raw materials of the industry concerned e.g. a sugar mill owned and run by farmers producing sugarcane.

Q#81 Which position does India occupy in the production of three wheelers?

Ans. Second

Q#82 Name the industry in which electricity shares 30 –40% of production cost.

Ans. Aluminium smelting.

Q#83 Which chemical industry is more widespread?

Ans. Inorganic.

Q#84 How many cement plants are there in India?

Ans. 119 large and over 300 mini plants.

Q#85 What is Manufacturing?

Ans. Manufacturing is an economic activity which involves the processing of raw materials into more valuable products. The process of manufacturing converts primary products into secondary products and enhances their quality and value.

CHAPTER-4: LIFE SCIENCE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

Roadways

India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 2.3 million km at present. In India, roadways have preceded railways. They still have an edge over railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained. The growing importance of road transport vis-à-vis rail transport is rooted in the following reasons;

(a) construction cost ofroads is much lower than that of railway lines,

(b) roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography,

(d) road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances,

(e) it also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower,

(f) road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.

In India, roads are classified in the following six classes according to their capacity

Golden Quadrilateral: The government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata- Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways. The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu), and East-West Corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are part of this project. The major objective of these Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India. These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).

National Highways: National Highways link extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). A number of major National Highways run in North-South and East-West directions.

State Highways: Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories.

District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.

Other Roads: Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana. Under this scheme special provisions are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season motorable road.

Border Roads: Apart from these, Border Roads Organisation a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these area. The Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. The first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km. concrete or even bitumen of coal, therefore, these are all weather roads. Unmetalled roads go out of use in the rainy season.

Road Density

The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads. Distribution of road is not uniform in the country. Density of all roads varies from only 10 km in Jammu & Kashmir to 375 km in Kerala with the national average of 75 km (1996-97). Road transportation in India faces a number of problems. Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season. The National Highways are inadequate too. Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow.

Railways

Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. Railways also make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. Apart from an important means of transport the Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more than 150 years. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture.

Rail Network: The Indian Railway have a network of 7, 031 stations spread over a route length of 63, 221 km. with a fleet of 7817 locomotives, 5321 passenger service vehicles, 4904 other coach vehicles and 228, 170 wagons as on 31

Rail Gauge and Length of routes in India

Development of Railways:

The Indian Railway is now reorganised into 16 zones. The distribution pattern of the Railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors.

The northern plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources provided the most favourable condition for their growth. However, a large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide beds posed some obstacles. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. Likewise, it was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand. The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through gaps or passes (Ghats). In recent times, the development of the Konkan railway along the west coast has facilitated the movement of passengers and goods in this most important economic region of India. It has also faced a number of problem such as sinking of track in some stretches and land slides.

Today, the railways have become more important in our national economy than all other means of transport put together. However, rail transport suffers from certain problems as well. Many passengers travel without tickets. Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely. People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage to the railway.

Pipelines:

Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India. In the past, these were used to transport water to cities and industries. Now, these are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry. The far inland locations of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertilizer plants could be thought of only because of pipelines. Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal. It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays.

There are three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country.

• From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.

• From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places.

• Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.

Waterways

Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport. India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of these only 3,700 km are navigable by mechanised boats.

The following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the Government:

1. The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)-N.W. No.1

2. The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)-N.W. No.2

3. The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km) – N.W. No.3

The other viable inland waterways include the Godavari, Krishna, Barak, Sunderbans, Buckingham Canal, Brahmani, East-west Canal and Damodar Valley Corporation Canal.

Major Sea Ports

With a long coastline of 7,516.6 km, India is dotted with 12 major and 181 medium and minor ports. These major ports handle 95 per cent of India’s foreign trade. Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port developed soon after Independence to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port, in the wake of loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the Partition. Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour. The Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for this region. Marmagao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country. This port accounts for about fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export.

New Mangalore port, located in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines. Kochi is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.

On the east coast, is the port of Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu. This port has a natural harbour and rich hinterland. Thus, it has a flourishing trade handling of a large variety of cargoes to even our neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives, etc. and the coastal regions of India.

Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports of the country. It is ranked next to Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and cargo.

Vishakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port. This port was, originally, conceived as an outlet for iron ore exports.

Paradip port located in Orissa, specialises in the export of iron ore.

Kolkata is an inland riverine port. This port serves a very large and rich hinterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra basin. Being a tidal port, it requires constant dredging of Hoogly.

Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.

Airways:

The air transport was nationalised in 1953. On the operational side, Indian Airlines, Alliance Air (subsidiary of Indian Airlines), private scheduled airlines and non- scheduled operators provide domestic air services. Air India provides international air services. Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. Provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off- shore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal. Indian Airlines operations also extend to the neighbouring countries of South and south-east Asia and the Middle east.

It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease.

Communication

Personal communication and mass communication including television, radio, press, films, etc. are the major means of communication in the country.

Indian Post: The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. It handles parcels as well as personal written communications. Cards and envelopes are considered first–class mail and are airlifted between stations covering both land and air. The second–class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport. To facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities, six mail channels have been introduced recently. They are called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.

Telephone: India has one of the largest telephone networks in Asia. In order to strengthen the flow of information from the grassroots to the higher level, the government has made special provision to extend twenty-four hours STD facility to every village in the country. There is a uniform rate of STD facilities all over India. It has been made possible by integrating the development in space technology with communication technology.

Mobile Telephones: India is one of the fastest growing mobile network in the world. Mobile phones have changed the way Indians conducted business. Now even low income group people like vegetable vendors, plumbers and carpenters get better business because they are connected through mobile phones.

Mass Communication: Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films. All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country. Doordarshan, the national television channel of India, is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment, educational to sports, etc. for people of different age groups.

Newspapers: India publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals annually. They are of different types depending upon their periodicity. Newspapers are published in about 100 languages and dialects. Largest numbers of newspapers published in the country are in Hindi, followed by English and Urdu.

Films: India is the largest producer of feature films in the world. It produces short films; video feature films and video short films. The Central Board of Film Certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films.

International Trade

Trade between two countries is called international trade. It may take place through sea, air or land routes. Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the economic barometer for a country.

Export: When the goods are sent to other country for sale it is called as export.

Import: When the goods come from other country to be sold in India it is called import.

Balance of Payment: This is the difference between export and import of a country. When export is higher than import then this is a situation of favourable balance of payment. On the other hand when the import is hihger than export then this is a situation of unfavourable balance of payment.

Indian Commodities Witnessing growth in share in Export:

Major Imports to India

Bulk imports as a group registered a growth accounting for 39.09 per cent of total imports. This group includes fertilizers (67.01 per cent), cereals (25.23 per cent), edible oils (7.94 per cent) and newsprint (5.51 per cent).

International trade has under gone a sea change in the last fifteen years. Exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge.

India has emerged as a software giant at the international level and it is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.

Tourism as a Trade

Foreign tourist’s arrivals in the country witnessed an increase of 23.5 per cent during the year 2004 as against the year 2003, thus contributing Rs 21,828 crore of foreign exchange. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.

Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q#1 Why have humans been moving from place to place right from the beginning of civilization?

Ans. They have been moving from place to place in search of food, better life and for exchanging goods.

Q#2 How did people move before the invention of automobiles?

Ans. They moved on foot, on carts and on animal’s back.

Q#3 What are the two main advantages of trade?

Ans. i) Trade provides us with our necessities.

ii) It adds to amenities and comfort of life.

iii) Goods from surplus areas are transported to deficient areas.

Q#4 Name three important divisions of transport.

Ans. Land, Water and Air.

Q#5 Into which two parts land transport is divided?

Ans. i. Road transport, and ii. Railways

Q#6 Into which two parts water transport is divided?

Ans. i). River or inland transport, and ii). Sea or oceanic transport.

Q#7 Which is the latest and the fastest mode of transport?

Ans. Air transport.

Q#8 Into how many parts the means of communication are divided on the basis of their urens?

Ans. They are divided into two parts: i. Personal and ii. Mass communication.

Q#9 Which are the personal means of communication?

Ans. They are: postcard, letter, telegram, telephone and internet.

Q#10 Which are the mass means of communication?

Ans. They are: books, journals, magazines, newspapers, radio, television and films.

Q#11 What do you mean by electronic media?

Ans. It is the way through which information is transferred at a fast speed. There is no physical contact between transmitter and receiver.Radio, television, films and computers are jointly called electronic media.

Q#12 Which road was built by Sher Shah Suri? Which two cities it connects?

Ans. Grand Trunk (G.T.) road was built by Sher Shah Suri. It connects Kolkata (India) in the east to Peshawar (now in Pakistan) in the west.

Q#13 How many types of roads are there in India? Name them.

Ans. There are the seven types of roads in India:

National highways, state highways, district roads, village roads, border roads, international highways and freeways (express ways).

Q#14 What are express ways?

Ans. Express ways are the newly built highways with 4 to 6 lanes which are used for long distances. They have been buit inorder to curb increasing traffic pressure on highways.

Q#15 What is the road length of India?

Ans. India has a road length of about 25 lakh km, of these 57% are surfaced roads.

Q#16 What is the length of national highways in India?

Ans. It is about 52, 000 km.

Q#17 What per cent of the total road traffic is carried by national highways?

Ans. 40 per cent.

Q#18 What is the total length of state highways?

Ans. It is 1.3 lakh km.

Q#19 How many km of national highways have been proposed to be constructed between 1999-2007?

Ans. About 14,846 km.

Q#20 Name the Express way national highways of India.

Ans. i. Golden Quadrilateral

ii. North-South and East-West Corridors.

iii. Roads connecting 10 major ports with Golden Quadrilateral and Corridors.

Q#21 What does BOT stand for? Define it.

Ans. BOT stands for Build, Operate and Transport. It is a scheme under which express ways are built by private agencies and then operated by them in order to earn their profits and at final stage they are transferred to govt.

Q#22 Name two problems which are faced by road transportation in India.

Ans. i. The road network is inadequte, keeping in view the number of passengers and volume of traffic.

ii. About half of the roads are unsurfaced which become muddy during the rainy season.

Q#23 Why do we call railways the lifeline of the country?

Ans. Railways are lifeline of the country because they are responsible for large scale movement of goods and passengers over long distances.

Q#24 How many railway zones are there in the country?

Ans. There are 9 old railway zones and 6 new railway zones in the country.

Q#25 Give two qualitative improvements that are being made in Indian railways.

Ans. i. The conversion of metre gauge lines into broad guage.

ii. Steam engines have been almost replaced by diesel and electric engines.

Q#26 Name the two fast moving trains of India.

Ans. i. Rajdhani Express and ii. Shatabdi Express.

Q#27 What are the advantages of unigauge system of railways?

Ans. It ensures large capacity, higher speed, cheaper transportation and reduction in transshipment.

Q#28 Name three problems faced by Indian railways.

Ans. i. Many passengers travel without tickets.

ii. Thefts and damaging of railway property.

iii. Division of railway systems into various gauges.

Q#29 For what purposes pipelines are used at present?

Ans. Pipelines are used for transportation of crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. They are used in order to have continuous supply between two or more paces. They are also used in hilly areas.

Q#30 Which are the three important networks of pipeline transportation in India?

Ans. a. From oil fields in upper Assam to Kanpur (UP), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad.

b. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Panipat.

c. Gas pipelines from Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in UP, via Bijaipur in M.P.

Q#31 What are two advantages (merits) of inland waterways?

Ans. i. They are the cheapest means of transport.

ii. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances.

Q#32 What are two advantages of airways?

Ans i. They provide the fastest mode of transport.

ii. They are best suited for remote, inaccessible and hostile areas.

Q#33 Which are the international airports of India?

Ans. They are: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, Bangalore, Amritsar, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Panaji, Guwahati and Kochi.

Q#34 Name the body which manages airport in India.

Ans. Airport Authority of India (AAI)

Q#35 Which port of India is called the gateway of India?

Ans. Mumbai.

Q#36 What position does the Indian postal network occupy in the world?

Ans. First position.

Q#37 What is the (approximate) number of post office in India?

Ans. 1.5 lakh.

Q#38 Which postal articles are called first class mail?

Ans. Cards and envelopes.

Q#39 Which postal items are included in the second class mail? as well as the time of man-made disasters.

Ans. Books, packets, registered newspapers and periodicals.

Q#40 Name the channels which have been introduced for quick delivery of mails in cities and large towns?

Ans. Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk mail Channel, and Periodical Channel(six in all). There channels have been introduced inorder to increase efficiency of communication system.

Q#41 How many telephone exchanges are there in the country?

Ans. About 32,000.

Q#42 Which are the means of mass communication? Why are they called so?

Ans. Radio, television, newspapers, including magazines, books and films are called means of mass communication. They are called so because they communicate with several people at a time.

Q#43 What is the total number of newspapers and periodicals published every year in India?

Ans. It is about 50,000.

Q#44 What position does India occupy in the production of feature films in the world?

Ans. First position.

Q#45 What was the foreign trade of India in the year 2000-01?

Ans. It was Rs. 43 lakh crore.

Q#46 How many people are directly engaged in the tourism industry in India?

Ans. Over 15 million people.

Q#47 Why is railway so important today?

Ans. Railways are the main mode of transport with its wider network in India. Of all other means of transport put together, the railways play important role in our national economy. They are called the life lines of transportation system because of the following reasons:

i. They are quite useful for carrying heavy goods, especially at long distance as compared to other means of transport.

ii. They have got far greater capacity for hauling goods than other means of transport. They carry 4/5 of the entire goods traffic in India.

iii. They are comparatively cheaper than other means of transport.

iv. They provide employment to a larger number of people. It is estimated that they employ about 6,03,000 workers as regular employees and 200,000 as casual labourers.

v. They connect all the capitals of states, important cities, towns, ports and aerodromes with one another.

vi. The Indian Railways are the largest public undertaking run by the central government. IndianRailways network is the fourth biggest network in the world.

Q#48 Why the great plains have more railways than the Himalayan Mountains?

Ans. The great plains have more railways than the Himalayan mountains because of the following reasons: -i. It has a plain area or leveled land which is suitable for cheap and easy construction of railways.

ii. There is tremendous agricultural and industrial development in the region. The density of railway network is closely related to this.

iii. Dense network of railways is also due to high density of population.

iv. Large scale urbanisation is also responsible for high density of population.

Q#49 Name any three railway zones with their headquarters.

Ans. Central zone (headquarters at Mumbai)

Eastern zone (headquarters at Kolkata)

Northern zone (headquarters at New Delhi)

Q#50 What are the problems of railways today?

Ans. i. They require stupendous investment at the time of their installation.

ii. Their maintenance is quite costly.

iii. They suffer from loss, theft during transit.

iv. They are not suitable for perishable commodities like milk, fruits and vegetables.

v. They cannot negotiate their way in uneven, high and low terrain.

vi. Passengers create many problems for the railways. Some of them travel without tickets, pull chains unnecessarily which leads to late running of trains.

vii. Different railway gauges create hindrance in smooth flow of traffic. It creates many other difficulties and proves costly to send goods from a broad gauge station to meter gauge station or to a narrow gauge destination.

Q#51 What are national highways?

Ans. The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).

These are known as National Highways. They link the important cities and capitals of the states with one another. The construction and maintenance of these roads is the responsibility of central government. There are about 52000 km of national highways in our country which constitute 2 per cent of the total road network but carry 40 per cent of the total road traffic.

Q#52 What are express ways?

Ans. Express ways are highways with 4 to 6 lanes. A concept of express ways is being currently given shape to assure the fast movement of traffic between one part of the country and another. In this venture private sector participation is being encouraged.

Q#53 Name the places, which are connected by golden quadrilateral super highways.

Ans. Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

Q#54 Write advantages of the pipeline transportation.

Ans. The advantages of the pipeline transportation are as follows: -

i. Pipelines are ideally suited to transport liquids and gases in large quantities from one place to another, particularly over long distances.

ii. Pipelines can be laid through difficult terrain and thick forests and under water.

iii. Pipelines Involve least energy consumption, so maintenance is easy and cheap.

iv. Pipelines rules out transshipment losses and delays.

v. With the help of pipelines inland oil refineries, fertilizer industries and gas based thermal power plants can be setup anywhere in the country. This has led to agricultural as well as industrial development.

Q#55 Name any four international air ports of India?

i. Delhi (Indira Gandhi International airport).

ii. Mumbai (Jawahar Lal Nehru International air port)

iii. Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International airport)

iv. Chennai (Meenambakkam International airport)

Q#56 Name five inland waterways of India? Or name two national waterways of India.

Ans. The inland waterways of India are: -i. The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia. (1620 km.)

ii. The Brahmaputra river, between Sadiya and Dhubi (891 km.)

iii. The west-coast canal, between Kollam and Kottayam (168 km.)

iv. The Champakara canal (14 km.)

v. The Udyogmandal canal (22 km.)

The last three are in Kerela.

Q#57 Name the major ports on the east coast of India?

Ans. Kolkata / Haldia, Paradip, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin are the major ports located on the east coast of India.

Q#58 Write a short note on personal communication.

Ans It is a type of communication in which interaction is in between small groups or individuals. It includes those means of communication which deal with different means of personal correspondence, such as postcards, letters, telegrams, telephone and internet. Interaction is between two persons or two small groups.

Personal written communications are handled by the Indian postal-network. This network is the largest in the world. The country has 1, 54, 919 post office, out of which 1, 38,433 are in rural areas and 16476 are in urban areas. It is further divided into two groups.

Cards and envelopes are called first class mail and books, packets, registered, newspapers and periodicals are called second class mail.

The first class mail is airlifted between stations, mail covering both land and connected by air.The second class mails are carried by surface mail covering land and water transport.

Six mail channels: Rajdhani channel, Metro channel, Green channel, Business channel, Bulk mail channel and periodical channel have been introduced in cities and large towns for quick delivery of mails.

Q#59 Write a note on mass communication.

Ans. It is a system of communication in which large number of people interacts with each other at a particular

point of time. This includes those means of communication which have wide range of communicating system such as radio, television, films, newspapers, magazines, journals, hand books etc. Mass communication plays vital role in creating awareness among the people about various national programmes and policies.

Q#60 Write short notes on means of transport and communication.

Transport: - It is a system of carrying passengers and goods from one place to another. Covering three media land, water and air, there are five types of transport system in India. Roadways, railways, pipelines, water ways and air ways. Roadways, railways and pipelines constitute the road transport. Waterways or water transport is divided into two types:- i. River or inland transport ii. Sea or oceanic transport. Air transport is the fastest mode of transport.

Communication: - Transfer of information between two places or groups is called communication or It is a system of sending messages from one place to another or a system of interaction with others. Major means of communication in the country at present are personal communication and mass communication. In the former postcard, letter, telegram, telephone and now internet are included. The latter includes books, journals, magazines, newspapers, radio, television and films.

a. (Books, newspapers, journals, magazines, periodicals etc constitute print media)

b. (While as radio, television, films, computers etc. constitute electronic media.)

Q#61 Distinguish between means of transport and means of communication: -

i. The means of transport carry goods and passengers from one place to another, while the means of

communication carry messages from one place to another.

ii. The means of transport include roadways, railways, airways and waterways, while the means of

communications include post offices, telegraphs, wireless, radio, television and satellite services.

Q#62 Describe various types in roads of India?

Ans. The roads can be classified into the following categories according to their importance: -National highways: - The national highways connect one state with other and are of national importance.

These roads are constructed and maintained by the central government. There are about 52,000 km of national highways. These constitute 2 per cent of the total road network, but carry 40 per cent of the total road traffic. Roads joining Delhi with Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Kanyakumari, Kerala and Srinagar Leh are some of the important national highways.

Express ways: - also called freeways are highways with 4 to 6 lanes. These roads have been developed recently in order to meet the requirement of fast movement of traffic. About 14, 846 km of express national highways have been proposed to be constructed between 1999-2007 and the work has started. These roads are named as: -

i. Golden Quadrilateral, connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Delhi. These roads will have a length of 5846 km.

ii. North South and East-West corridors connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari and Silchar to Porbandar. These roads will have a road length of 7300 km.

iii. Roads connecting to 10 major parts with Golden Quadrilateral and corridors namely Kandla, Jawaharlal Nehru port, Marmagoa, New Mangalore, Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Ennore, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip and Haldia (Kolkata) these roads will have a length of 363 km.The govt. has involved private sector companies to invest, develop and maintain these high ways as these involve a huge investment. This is based on the concept of build, operate and transfer

State highways: - These roads join state capitals with district headquarters and other important towns. Their construction and maintenance is the responsibility of state government. There are about 13 lakh kilometres of state highways.

Village roads: - These roads link the villages with nearby towns. These are constructed and maintained by local authorities.

District roads: - These roads connect district headquarters with other places in the district. Their construction and maintenance is the responsibility of panchayats and District Boards.

Border roads: - Border roads are vital road links in our country. These are constructed and maintained by the central govt. in the sensitive areas of the national borders. The central government has setup a Border Roads Development Board which not only maintains the existing roads but builds new ones and surfaces them. Our border roads run upto the very borders of Nepal, China, Pakistan, Burma etc.

Q#63 Distinguish between surfaced road and un-surfaced roads: -

i.. Unsurfaced roads are made of soil, while as surfaced roads are built of coal tar and stones or cement and stones.

ii. Unsurfaced roads are called Kachcha roads, while as surfaced roads are called pucca roads.

iii. During the rainy season unsurfaced roads are rendered unserviceable, while as surfaced roads continue to operate.

iv. Unsurfaced roads are constructed and maintained by local bodies like the Panchayats or the district boards, while as surfaced roads are constructed and maintained by the state and central governments.

Q#64 Write a short note on railways in J&K

Ans. As far as Jammu and Kashmir State is concerned, its Jammu city is connected with other parts of the country through railways which run through Jammu and Katra district and is linked with Pathankote in Punjab.

A railway line from Jammu to Baramulla through Qazigund is under construction. There will be a number of tunnels in this route and the longest tunnel will be 12 kms. This railway line will have a bridge at about 400 mts above the river bed level. The railway route will be 281 kms from Jammu to Baramulla.

Q#65 Why is road transport so important as a means of transport?

Ans. Road transport is considered an important means of transport because of the following reasons.

i. It is more flexible as compared to other means of transport. It is used to carry goods from the doors of the seller to those of the buyer. They carry things directly to our houses and factories.

ii. In hilly areas like Kashmir and H.P, where there are no railway lines or are yet under construction, the road transport assumes a great importance.

iii. Roads are easy to construct and easy to maintain.

Q#66 Why is transport a necessity?

Ans. Transport is necessity because: -ii. It carries men, material and goods from one place to another.

iii. It helps in the production as well as distribution of goods.

iv. It has improved the volume of trade tremendously.

v. It boosts the development of trade and commerce.

vi. It helps in the development of trade and brings far flung areas closer to each other

vii. It saves time.

viii. A well developed transport system or network of transport is of great importance at the time of natural calamities like floods, earthquakes, fires and wars as well as the time of man-made disasters.

ix. It connects surples areas with deficient areas. In short, transport is the lifeline of human societies. It not only fulfils human needs but also helps societies to grow and prosper.

Q#67 Name five means of transport?

Ans. Five means of transport are: - Roadways, railways, waterways, pipelines and airways.

Q#68 Describe the importance of communication in modern days? OR

Why is communication a necessity of life?

Ans. Communication is an important component of our modern life. It is a need of individual as well as society.

Communication system contributes a lot in the development of economy, social relations and social unity.

The importance of communication can be highlighted through following points:-

i. No man or nation can survive or exist for long without interaction with others.

ii. It promotes trade and commerce and boosts industry.

iii. It plays an important role at the time of war and natural calamities.

iv. It helps the govt. to maintain law and order.

v. It has promoted tourism and feeling of unity among the people of one country and between people of different countries.

vi. It has helped the world body (The UNO) to avert crisis and wars.

vii. It encourages space travel.

viii. It has widened the range of human knowledge. Now people can learn at home with the help of computers. Internet sites provide information visually on any topic from any field.

ix. It strengthens the defence of the country.

x. It promotes interaction between different cultures, and understanding between different nations

Q#69 Which is the world’s highest highway?

Ans. Leh- Manali Highway connecting Leh (J&K) with Himachal Pradesh

Q#70 What is freight?

Ans. Freight simply refers to goods transported by trucks, trains or ships etc.

Important Terms

Transport: It may be defined as an arrangement by which people and goods/ commodities are shifted or dislocated from one place to another.

Communication:- It means act or process of sending and receiving messages, information and news by Postages, Telegraph, Telephone, Radio, TV, Satellites, Newspapers, Magazines etc.

Communication is the process of sending and receiving of messages through print and electronic media.

Trade: - It is a process of buying and selling of goods and services.

Exchange of goods between two parties such as people, states and countries is called Trade.

Q#71 Write a short note on trade.

Ans. Trade can be defined as the exchange of goods or merchandise between two groups of people. Trade isfurther divided into two parts.

i) Domestic Trade or National Trade:- Trade which takes places within one country.

International Trade:- Trade between various countries is known as International Trade or Oversea Trade or Foreign Trade. Trade comprises two important components a) Import b) Export

a) Import:- It means the amount of commodities brought from other countries.

b) Export:- It can be defined as the amount of commodities dispatched / send to other countries.

ii) Balance of Trade:- The balance between export and imports is called balance of trade when exports exceed imports, it is called positive balance or favourable balance of trade but when imports exceed exports it is known as negative balance or unfavourably balance of trade.

In present day, no country can survive without having trade relations with other nations of world. The economic prosperity of a country is determined by the degree of its international trade.Therefore, it is also known as economic Barometer of a country.

International Trade of India

India has been maintaining trade links with China, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, Iran, Iraq etc. since ancient times. India’s overseas trade has made tremendous progress during the recent years. There has been a rapid increase in the imports between 1950 – 1960. India had to import machinery and other items for industrial progress during this period. India had trade relations with all major trading blocks and all the geographical regions of the world. Asia and Oceania accorded for 37.5% of India’s export, followed by West Europe (25.4%) and America (24.7%) in 2001. India’s imports were 27.5% from Arth’s Oceania, followed by West Europe (27.1%) and America (7.9%) in 2001. Overall India had a foreign trade of Rs. 43

Lakh crore, which compare 53% import and 47% export. Therefore, India’s trade is unfavourable.Most of commodities exported from India include manufactured goods, agricultural and allied products. The imported commodities include petrol and petroleum products, pearls and precious stones etc.

Q#72 Write a note on Indian railways.

Ans. Indian railway system is the main artery of the country’s Inland transport. Indian railways virtually form the life line of the country, catering to its needs for large scale movement of traffic, both freight and passenger, thereby contributing to economic growth and also promoting national integration.

The 1strail in India was started in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane over a distance of 34 kms. But the real progress started after independence. The total length of railways at present is 63,000 km. India has the second largest railway network in Asia, carrying 40,000lakh passengers and 4,000 lakh tones of goods per year. The development of railway network in any area depends on the physiography, economic activity and population density of the area. It is easy to develop railway lines in flat areas as compared to the areas of undulating topography e.g. V.P has dense network as compared to Bihar and North- Eastern area. In the same manner population density and economic activities also affect railway density of area.

Railway zones

The Indian railways have been divided into a zone in order to manage them properly. The sixteen zones are:

i) Northern Railways ii) North- Eastern Railways iii) Southern

iv) Eastern v) Western vi) Central Railways

vii) South- Eastern Railways viii) North- eastern frontier ix) South- Central

x) North-Western Railways xi) East Central Railways xii) North-Western Railways

xi) East Central Railways xii) East Coast Railways xiii) South Western railways

xiv) West Central railways xv) North Central Railways. xvi) South East Central Railway

The Indian railway system has been further divided into three gauges on the basis of width between two rails.

i) Broad Guage:- This guage has 1.676 meters width. It comprises about (70.72%) of rail route.

ii) Metre Guage:- This guage has 1.00 mts width and it compires about 23.92% of India’s rail route.

iii) Narrow Guage:- This guage is mainly used in hilly areas. It compires about 5.36 % of country’s rail route. It has been further divided into two parts on the basis of width.

a) 0.762 mts b) 0.610 mts.

Q#73 Give a brief account of changes introduced in Indian Railways.

Ans. Indian railways have undergone various kinds of changes from the day they were introduced. The various charges are:-i) Increase in the density of railway route.

ii) The meter and narrow guages are converted continuously into broad guages in order to increase the efficiency of railways.

iii) Qualitative improvement:- It means increase in quality like conversion of steam engines into diesel and electric engines. It also provides a way for kerosene engine.

iv) Qualitative improvement:- The number of trains has been increased and the same time speed and facilities have been increased.

Q#74 Distinguish between Freight and Fare.

a) Freight and Fare

Ans. Freight:- It is the amount charged by the railways to transport goods and luggage from one place to another.

Fare:- It is the amount charged by the railways to carry passengers.

b) Wagon and coach.

Wagon:- It is a vehicle, open or closed used by railways to transport heavy goods from one place to another.

Coach:- A coach is a carriage with a roof and seats used by railways to carry passengers from one place to another.

Q#75 What is DWT?

Ans. It stands for dry weight tonnage. It means the weight of a newly constructed ship without luggage and passengers.

Q#76 Name the states where major ports are located.

Ans. There are about 12 major ports and 181 minor ports. The various major ports are:

Port State

i) Mumbai

ii) Marmagoa

iii) Mangalore

iv) Kochi

v) Tuticorn

vi) Chennai

vii) Vishaka Patnam

viii) Paradeep

ix) Haldia

x) Jawahar-Lal Nehru(or Neva Sheva)

xi) Kandla

xii) Kolkatta

Q#76 Name the important locations enroute Jammu to Srinagar National Highway.

Ans. Udhumpur , Kud, Patnitop, Balote, Bonihal, Qazigund, Pampore, Srinagar, etc.

Q#77 Which important towns figure on the proposed railway line from Jammu to Baramulla?

Ans. Jammu ; Udhumpur, Qazigund, BhijBehara, Nowgam, Baramulla.

Q#78 Distinguish between Personal communication and Mass communication

Personal Communication Mass Communication

i) It is a system in which there is interaction between two individuals or between two small groups.

ii) It provides a limited communication.

iii) The means of communication used are postcards, letters, telegrams, telephone etc.

i) It is a system which is used to communicate with several people at a line.

ii) It has a wide communication.

iii) The means of communication used are, TV, Newspapers, Radio journals.

Q#79 List important advantages and limitations of:-a) Roads b) Railways c) Airways

Ans. a) Advantages of roads are as follows:-i) Roads play a very important role in the transportation of goods and passengers for short and medium distances.

ii) Road transport provides a link between railway stations, air and scaports. They are used as feeders to other modes of transport.

iii) It is comparatively easy and cheap to construct and maintain roads.

iv) Road transportation is a flexible system i.e. we can load it anywhere.

v) They connect fields with markets, factories with farms and provide door to door service.

vi) They are lust for transporting perishable commodities, like vegetables, milk etc.

vii) Roads can travers regions of undulating relief. Limitations of roads are as follows:-a. Inadquate road networks to meet the roads of the people.

b. 40% of the roads are unsurfaced. These become muddy and unfit for transportation during rainy season.

c. Lack of wayside amenities and weak road safety measures.

d. National Highways are not as wide as needed. Most of the bridges and culverts are low and old.

Railway Junction Sea port

i) It is a place where various railway lines converge.

ii) It is place where railways load and unload luggage including people and commodities.

iii) It is always located in Inland. E.g Jammu Tawi, Kolkata.

i) It is a place where various sea routes converge.

ii) It is a place where various ships are loaded and unloaded.

iii) It is located in waterbody near the coast. E.g. Paradeep, Manglore.

e. Most of the roads pass through congested cities which create a problem.

To overcome these problems, huge capital investment is needed which is beyond the capacity in the public sector.

b) Advantages of Railways:-

i) Railways provide the cheapest and most convenient mode of passenger transport both for long distance and suburban traffic.

ii) They have played a significant role in development and growth of industries. Agriculture also owes its growth to railways to a great extent.

iii) They provide a strong medium of national integration.

iv) Railways help in facing natural as well as man-made calamities.

v) Railways are specially suited to long haulage of bulky materials like coal, petroleum and ores.

vi) Railways carry the British legacy and connect major parts to their hinterlands, thereby lending a helping hand to the overall prosperity of the coastal areas.

Limitations / anomalies of Railways:-i) The frequency of train accidents is increasing very fast due to the rapid increase in passenger and goods traffic.

ii) Railways face chronic financial crises. Many people travel without tickets which causes loss of revenue.

iii) Lack of security arrangement.

iv) Political pressure and interference.

v) Pulling the chain unnecessarily, lack of passenger facilities, high maintenance cost etc. are some other problems of railways.

vi) Division of railway systems into various gauges.

vii) Advantages of Airways:-a. Airways provide the fastest means of transport.

b. Air transport is the main strength of a country in the event of a war.

c. Air transport is widely used for supplying food and medicines to people hit by natural calamities.

d. Air transport is a very useful method of transport in mountainous areas where roads and railways cannot be easily constructed.

e. This is most suited for transportating lighttt, costly and perishable commodities.

Limitations Of Airways:-i) Air transport is a very costly mode of transport and only rich people can afford it.

ii) Flights cannot be operated in bad weather.

iii) Accidents and hijacking of planes have become a serious problem these days.

iv) Improvement of infrastructure at the airports needs heavy capital investment which the government can’t afford.

Q# 80 Differentiate between first class mail and second class mail:-

Ans. First class mail Second class mail

i) Information is transferred by using air-ways.

ii) There is no additional surcharge on mail.

iii) Cards, envelopes etc. are some of the postal articles which are included in the first class mail.

i) Information is transferred by using land as well as air.

ii) The amount/ charge will be fixed by the weight of the object.

iii) Postal items like books, packets, registered newspapers, periodicals etc. are included in the second class mail.

Q#81 Describe the various problems faced by Indian railways.

Ans. The problems faced by Indian railways are:- i) Different Guages:- Indian railway network is divided into various gauges i.e. Narrow Guage, Metre and

Broad Guage. This division reduces the efficiency of railways at train of broad Guage cannot run on metre guage.

ii) Uneven Topography:- India has got diverse relief features which at as an obstacle in the development of railway network. The mountainous areas like J and K, North-East are devoid of developed railway network.

iii) Safety:- With the rapid increase in passenger and goods traffic, the frequency of train accidents is increasing very fast. This has raised serious doubts in the minds of people about Safety of Railways at the general health of the Railway network.

iv) Cost and Revenue Problems:- Indian Railways face chronic financial crisis like the problem of low level of employee productivity. The annual rate of increase in cost has overtaken that of revenues during the last few years.

v) Other problems:- A large number of problems include the late running of trains, luck of passenger facilities including cleanliness at the railway stations lack of security arrangements resulting in thefts and decoities etc.

vi) Many passengers pull chains unnecessarily which result in wastage of time and accidents.

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